Levels of organochlorine plaguicides (DDT and DDE) on children living in malaria-endemic communities from Chiapas, Mexico
Main Article Content
Abstract
Considering that DDT was used for malaria vector control in Mexico for more than 40 years, and taken into account that information on children in areas exposed to DDT is scarce, we started a program for assessing health effects children living in areas sprayed with DDT. In this sense, were quantified levels of DDT and DDE in two communities in different history of exposure to DDT, comparing a community highly exposed to DDT (CAE) and other community less exposed (CBE) to this pollutant. Thus, in these communities was carried out a cross-sectional study of 80 children (40 from each community) from 6 to 12 years old. Quantification of DDT and DDE was conducted in whole blood using gas chromatography and electron capture detector. In addition, a questionnaire that recorded sociodemographic characteristics, occupation of parents, exposure to tobacco, fish consumption, while breastfeeding, consumption of dairy products, history of sprayed with DDT and exposure to other pesticides. The results show that children living in the CAE showed high average levels of DDT and DDE in blood (12.08 ± 8.58 and 53.32 ± 35.61 μg/L) than in the CBE (undetectable and 11.46 ±16.94 μg/L; p <0.01). High frequency on fish consumption at CAE community rise levels of DDT and DDE in children blood. This relationships was confirmed by multiple regression analysis with the model explaining 67% and 46% of the variance for DDE and DDT, respectively when time of breastfeeding and children age were included. DDT and DDE levels registered in children blood suggest the urgent need to develop a program in order to reduce the exposure of population to these harmful plaguicides.
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Herrera-Portugal, C. (2008). Levels of organochlorine plaguicides (DDT and DDE) on children living in malaria-endemic communities from Chiapas, Mexico. Revista Latinoamericana De Recursos Naturales, 4(3), 349-356. Retrieved from https://revista.itson.edu.mx/index.php/rlrn/article/view/145
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References
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ATSDR, 2002. Toxicological profile for DDT/DDE/DDD. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service, Atlanta, Estados Unidos.
Aneck-Hahn, N.H., Schulenburg, G.W., Bornman, M.S., Farias, P., De Jager,C., 2007. Impaired semen quality associated with environmental DDT exposure in young men living in a malaria area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of Andrology, 28: 423-434.
Bermúdez-Díaz, G., 2007. Niveles de DDT y DDE en peces de consumo en una comunidad endémica de paludismo. Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Tapachula, Chiapas, México.
Bouwman, H., Cooppan, R.M.., Becker, P.J., Ngxongo, S., 1991. Malaria control and levels of DDT in serum of two populations in Kwazulu. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 33: 141-145.
Caballero, R.M., 2001. Diagnóstico Regional del uso del DDT y el control de la malaria. Informe Regional para México y Centroamérica. Instituto de Salud y Ambiente. México. 5-28.
Carvalho, F.P., Villeneuve, J.P., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I., Montenegro-Guillén, S., Lacayo, m., Cruz, A., 2002. Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues in coastal lagoons of Nicaragua. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4: 778-787.
Cocco, P., Fadda, D., Ibba, A., Melis, M., Tocco, M.G., Atzeri, S., Avanteneo, G., Meloni. M., Monni, F., Flore, C., 2005. Reproductive outcomes in DDT applicators. Environmental Research, 98: 120-126.
CONAPO (Consejo Nacional de Población), 2000. Índices de marginación por entidad federativa. México.
De Jager, C., Farias, P., Barraza, A., Hernández, M., Ayotte, P., Dewailly, E., Drombrowski, C., Rousseau, F., Diaz, V., Bailey, J., 2006. Reduced seminal Parameters Associated with Environmental DDT exposure and p,p´DDE concentrations in Men in Chiapas, México: A crosssectional study. Journal of Andrology, 1: 16-17.
Dorner, G., Plagemann, A., 2002. DDT in human milk and mental capacities in children at school age: an additional view on PISA 2000. Neuroendocrinal Letters, 23: 427-431.
Eskenazi, B., Marks, A.R., Bradman, A., Fenster, L., Johnson, C., Barr, D.B., Jewell, N.P., 2006. In utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment among young Mexican American children. Pediatrics, 118: 233-241.
Fernández De Castro, Jorge., 1988. Panorama histórico y epidemiológico del paludismo en México. Secretaría de Salud. México.
Flores-Luevano, S., Farias, P., Hernandez, M., Romano-Riquer, P., Weber, J.F., Dewally, E., Cuevas-Alpuche, J., Romieu, I., 2003. Concentraciones de DDT/DDE y riesgos de hipospadias. Un estudio de casos y controles. Salud Publica de México, 45: 431- 432.
Gladen, B.C., Klebanoff, M.A., Hediger, M.L., Katz, S.H., Barr, D.B., Davis, M,D., Longnecker, M.P., 2004. Prenatal DDT Exposure in Relation to Antropometric and Pubertal Measures in Adolescent males. Environmental Health Perspectives, 17: 1761-1762.
Gonzalez-Farías, F., Cisneros Estrada, X., Fuentes Ruiz, C., Díaz González, G., Botello A.V., 2002. Pesticides distribution in sediments of a tropical coastal lagoon adjacent to an irrigation district in norwest Mexico. Environ. Technol., 23: 1247-56.
Guardino, X., Serra, C., Obiol, J., Rosell, M.G., Gerenger, M.J., Lopez, F., Brosa, J., 1996. Determination of DDT and related compounds in blood samples form agricultural workers. Journal of Chromatography A, 719: 141-147.
Herrera-Portugal C., Ochoa, H., Franco-Sánchez, G., Yánez, L., Díaz-Barriga, F., 2005. Environmental pathways of exposure to DDT for children living in a malarious area of Chiapas, Mexico. Environmental Research, 99. 158-163.
Herrera-Portugal, C., Ochoa, H., Franco-Sánchez, G., Díaz- Barriga, F., 2005. DNA damage in children exposed to DDT in malarious area of Chiapas, México. Acta Toxicológica Argentina, 13: 11-15.
Longnecker, M.P., Klebanoff, M.A., Zhou, H., Brock, J.W., 2001. Association between maternal serum concentration of the DDT metabolite DDE and preterm and small-forgestacional- age-babies at birth. Lancet, 358: 110-104.
Longnecker, M.P., Gladen, B.C., Cupul, L., Romano, P., Weber, J.P., Chapin, R., Hernandez, M., 2007. In utero exposure to the Antiandrogen 1,1-Dicloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) in relation to Anogenital Distance in Male Newborns from Chiapas, México. America Journal of Epidemiology, 10: 109-110.
Miersma, N.A., Pepper, C.B., Anderson, T.A., 2003. Organochlorine pesticides in elementary school yards along the Texas-Mexico border. Environmental Pollutants, 16: 65- 71.
Noreña-Barroso, E., Zapata-Pérez, O., Ceja-Moreno, V., Gold- Bouchat, G., 1998. Hidrocarbon and organochlorine residue concentrations in sediments from Bay of Chetumal, México. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 61: 80-87.
Pérez-Maldonado, I.N., Díaz-Barriga, F., De la Fuente, H., González-Amaro, R., Calderón, J., Yañez, L., 2004. DDT induces apoptosis in human mononuclear cells in vitro and is associated with increased apoptosis in exposed children. Environmental Research, 94: 38-46.
Porta, M., Puigdoménech, E., Selva J., Ribas-Fitó, N., Domínguez-Boada, L., Martín Olmedo, P., Olea, N., Llop, S., Fernández, M., 2008. Estudios realizados en España sobre concentraciones en humanos de compuestos tóxicos persistentes. Gaceta Sanitaria, 22: 248-266.
Rabello, M.N., Becak, W., De Almeida, W.F., Pigati, P., Ungaro, M.T., Murata, T., Pereira, C.A., 1975. Cytogenetic study on individuals occupationally exposed to DDT. Mutat. Res., 28: 449-454.
Ramsden, E.N., 1996. Chemistry of the Environment. Revista Saude Publica, 4:15-17.
Reyes-Beltrán, K.B., 2007. DDT en mujeres en edad reproductiva en Tapachula, Chiapas.Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Tapachula, Chiapas, México.
Ribas-Fitó, N., Torrent, M., Carrizo. D., Muñoz-Ortiz, L., Júlvez, J., Grimalt, J.O., Sunyer, J., 2006. In utero exposure to background concentrations of DDT and cognitive functioning among preschoolers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164: 955-62.
Rylander, L., Stromberg, U., Hagmar L., 1996. Dietary intake of fish contamined with persistent organochlorine compounds in relation to low birthweight. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 22: 260-266.
Salazar-García, F., Gallardo-Díaz, E., Ceron-Mireles, P., Loomis, D., Borja-Aburto,V., 2004. Reproductive effects of occupational DDT exposure among male malaria control workers. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112: 542-547.
Secretaría de Salud, 1987. Ley general de Salud de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en materia de Investigación para la Salud. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 6 de enero de 1987, México, D.F.
Stapleton, F.H., 1998. The dawn of DDT and its experimental use by the Rockefeller foundation in Mexico. 1943-1952. Parassitologia, 40: 149-158.
Svensson, B.G., Halberg, T., Nilsson, A., Schutz, A., Hagmar, L., 1994. Parameters of immunolological competence in subjects with high consumption of fish contamined with orgachlorine compounds. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 65: 351:358.
Torres-Sánchez, L., Rothenberg, SJ., Schnaas, L., Cebrián, M.E., Osorio, E., Del Carmen Hernández, M., García-Hernández, R.M., Del Río-García, C., Wolf, M.S., López Carrillo, L., 2007. In utero p,p’-DDE exposure and infant neurodevelopment: a perinatal cohort in México. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 :435-39.
Vine, M.F., Stein, L., Weigle, K., Schroeder, J., Degnan, D., Tse, C.K.J., Backer, L., 2001. Plasma 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (pchlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) levels and inmune response. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153: 53-63.
Waliszewski, S.M., Pardio, V.T., Waliszewski, K.N., Chantiri, J.N., Aguirre, A.A., Infanzon, R.M., Rivera, J., 1997. Organochlorine pesticide residues in cow’s milk and butter in Mexico. Science Total Environmental, 208: 127-132.
WHO (World Health Organization), 1979. Environmental Health Criteria 9, DDT and its Derivatives. World Health Organization, Genova, Italia.
Yáñez, L., Ortiz-Pérez., Batres, L.E., Borja-Aburto, V.H., Díaz- Barriga, F., 2002. Levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and deltametrin in humans and environmental samples in malarious areas of México. Environmental Research, 88: 174-81.
Yáñez, L., Borja-Aburto, V.H., Rojas, E., De la Fuente, H., González-Amaro, R., Gómez, H., Jongitud, A.A., Díaz- Barriga, F., 2004. DDT induces DNA damage in blood cells. Studies in vitro and in women chronically exposed to this insecticide. Environmental Research, 94: 18-24.
ATSDR, 2002. Toxicological profile for DDT/DDE/DDD. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service, Atlanta, Estados Unidos.
Aneck-Hahn, N.H., Schulenburg, G.W., Bornman, M.S., Farias, P., De Jager,C., 2007. Impaired semen quality associated with environmental DDT exposure in young men living in a malaria area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of Andrology, 28: 423-434.
Bermúdez-Díaz, G., 2007. Niveles de DDT y DDE en peces de consumo en una comunidad endémica de paludismo. Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Tapachula, Chiapas, México.
Bouwman, H., Cooppan, R.M.., Becker, P.J., Ngxongo, S., 1991. Malaria control and levels of DDT in serum of two populations in Kwazulu. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 33: 141-145.
Caballero, R.M., 2001. Diagnóstico Regional del uso del DDT y el control de la malaria. Informe Regional para México y Centroamérica. Instituto de Salud y Ambiente. México. 5-28.
Carvalho, F.P., Villeneuve, J.P., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I., Montenegro-Guillén, S., Lacayo, m., Cruz, A., 2002. Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues in coastal lagoons of Nicaragua. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4: 778-787.
Cocco, P., Fadda, D., Ibba, A., Melis, M., Tocco, M.G., Atzeri, S., Avanteneo, G., Meloni. M., Monni, F., Flore, C., 2005. Reproductive outcomes in DDT applicators. Environmental Research, 98: 120-126.
CONAPO (Consejo Nacional de Población), 2000. Índices de marginación por entidad federativa. México.
De Jager, C., Farias, P., Barraza, A., Hernández, M., Ayotte, P., Dewailly, E., Drombrowski, C., Rousseau, F., Diaz, V., Bailey, J., 2006. Reduced seminal Parameters Associated with Environmental DDT exposure and p,p´DDE concentrations in Men in Chiapas, México: A crosssectional study. Journal of Andrology, 1: 16-17.
Dorner, G., Plagemann, A., 2002. DDT in human milk and mental capacities in children at school age: an additional view on PISA 2000. Neuroendocrinal Letters, 23: 427-431.
Eskenazi, B., Marks, A.R., Bradman, A., Fenster, L., Johnson, C., Barr, D.B., Jewell, N.P., 2006. In utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment among young Mexican American children. Pediatrics, 118: 233-241.
Fernández De Castro, Jorge., 1988. Panorama histórico y epidemiológico del paludismo en México. Secretaría de Salud. México.
Flores-Luevano, S., Farias, P., Hernandez, M., Romano-Riquer, P., Weber, J.F., Dewally, E., Cuevas-Alpuche, J., Romieu, I., 2003. Concentraciones de DDT/DDE y riesgos de hipospadias. Un estudio de casos y controles. Salud Publica de México, 45: 431- 432.
Gladen, B.C., Klebanoff, M.A., Hediger, M.L., Katz, S.H., Barr, D.B., Davis, M,D., Longnecker, M.P., 2004. Prenatal DDT Exposure in Relation to Antropometric and Pubertal Measures in Adolescent males. Environmental Health Perspectives, 17: 1761-1762.
Gonzalez-Farías, F., Cisneros Estrada, X., Fuentes Ruiz, C., Díaz González, G., Botello A.V., 2002. Pesticides distribution in sediments of a tropical coastal lagoon adjacent to an irrigation district in norwest Mexico. Environ. Technol., 23: 1247-56.
Guardino, X., Serra, C., Obiol, J., Rosell, M.G., Gerenger, M.J., Lopez, F., Brosa, J., 1996. Determination of DDT and related compounds in blood samples form agricultural workers. Journal of Chromatography A, 719: 141-147.
Herrera-Portugal C., Ochoa, H., Franco-Sánchez, G., Yánez, L., Díaz-Barriga, F., 2005. Environmental pathways of exposure to DDT for children living in a malarious area of Chiapas, Mexico. Environmental Research, 99. 158-163.
Herrera-Portugal, C., Ochoa, H., Franco-Sánchez, G., Díaz- Barriga, F., 2005. DNA damage in children exposed to DDT in malarious area of Chiapas, México. Acta Toxicológica Argentina, 13: 11-15.
Longnecker, M.P., Klebanoff, M.A., Zhou, H., Brock, J.W., 2001. Association between maternal serum concentration of the DDT metabolite DDE and preterm and small-forgestacional- age-babies at birth. Lancet, 358: 110-104.
Longnecker, M.P., Gladen, B.C., Cupul, L., Romano, P., Weber, J.P., Chapin, R., Hernandez, M., 2007. In utero exposure to the Antiandrogen 1,1-Dicloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) in relation to Anogenital Distance in Male Newborns from Chiapas, México. America Journal of Epidemiology, 10: 109-110.
Miersma, N.A., Pepper, C.B., Anderson, T.A., 2003. Organochlorine pesticides in elementary school yards along the Texas-Mexico border. Environmental Pollutants, 16: 65- 71.
Noreña-Barroso, E., Zapata-Pérez, O., Ceja-Moreno, V., Gold- Bouchat, G., 1998. Hidrocarbon and organochlorine residue concentrations in sediments from Bay of Chetumal, México. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 61: 80-87.
Pérez-Maldonado, I.N., Díaz-Barriga, F., De la Fuente, H., González-Amaro, R., Calderón, J., Yañez, L., 2004. DDT induces apoptosis in human mononuclear cells in vitro and is associated with increased apoptosis in exposed children. Environmental Research, 94: 38-46.
Porta, M., Puigdoménech, E., Selva J., Ribas-Fitó, N., Domínguez-Boada, L., Martín Olmedo, P., Olea, N., Llop, S., Fernández, M., 2008. Estudios realizados en España sobre concentraciones en humanos de compuestos tóxicos persistentes. Gaceta Sanitaria, 22: 248-266.
Rabello, M.N., Becak, W., De Almeida, W.F., Pigati, P., Ungaro, M.T., Murata, T., Pereira, C.A., 1975. Cytogenetic study on individuals occupationally exposed to DDT. Mutat. Res., 28: 449-454.
Ramsden, E.N., 1996. Chemistry of the Environment. Revista Saude Publica, 4:15-17.
Reyes-Beltrán, K.B., 2007. DDT en mujeres en edad reproductiva en Tapachula, Chiapas.Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Tapachula, Chiapas, México.
Ribas-Fitó, N., Torrent, M., Carrizo. D., Muñoz-Ortiz, L., Júlvez, J., Grimalt, J.O., Sunyer, J., 2006. In utero exposure to background concentrations of DDT and cognitive functioning among preschoolers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164: 955-62.
Rylander, L., Stromberg, U., Hagmar L., 1996. Dietary intake of fish contamined with persistent organochlorine compounds in relation to low birthweight. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 22: 260-266.
Salazar-García, F., Gallardo-Díaz, E., Ceron-Mireles, P., Loomis, D., Borja-Aburto,V., 2004. Reproductive effects of occupational DDT exposure among male malaria control workers. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112: 542-547.
Secretaría de Salud, 1987. Ley general de Salud de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en materia de Investigación para la Salud. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 6 de enero de 1987, México, D.F.
Stapleton, F.H., 1998. The dawn of DDT and its experimental use by the Rockefeller foundation in Mexico. 1943-1952. Parassitologia, 40: 149-158.
Svensson, B.G., Halberg, T., Nilsson, A., Schutz, A., Hagmar, L., 1994. Parameters of immunolological competence in subjects with high consumption of fish contamined with orgachlorine compounds. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 65: 351:358.
Torres-Sánchez, L., Rothenberg, SJ., Schnaas, L., Cebrián, M.E., Osorio, E., Del Carmen Hernández, M., García-Hernández, R.M., Del Río-García, C., Wolf, M.S., López Carrillo, L., 2007. In utero p,p’-DDE exposure and infant neurodevelopment: a perinatal cohort in México. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 :435-39.
Vine, M.F., Stein, L., Weigle, K., Schroeder, J., Degnan, D., Tse, C.K.J., Backer, L., 2001. Plasma 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (pchlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) levels and inmune response. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153: 53-63.
Waliszewski, S.M., Pardio, V.T., Waliszewski, K.N., Chantiri, J.N., Aguirre, A.A., Infanzon, R.M., Rivera, J., 1997. Organochlorine pesticide residues in cow’s milk and butter in Mexico. Science Total Environmental, 208: 127-132.
WHO (World Health Organization), 1979. Environmental Health Criteria 9, DDT and its Derivatives. World Health Organization, Genova, Italia.
Yáñez, L., Ortiz-Pérez., Batres, L.E., Borja-Aburto, V.H., Díaz- Barriga, F., 2002. Levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and deltametrin in humans and environmental samples in malarious areas of México. Environmental Research, 88: 174-81.
Yáñez, L., Borja-Aburto, V.H., Rojas, E., De la Fuente, H., González-Amaro, R., Gómez, H., Jongitud, A.A., Díaz- Barriga, F., 2004. DDT induces DNA damage in blood cells. Studies in vitro and in women chronically exposed to this insecticide. Environmental Research, 94: 18-24.