Emerging pathogens as restriction to the reuse of treated municipal wastewaters from Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico
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Abstract
The treated wastewater is a low-cost alternative for irrigation of agricultural crops, but their use can be restricted by the microbiological quality. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (PTARM) of Cd. Obregon, deliver around 1 m3s-1 of treated wastewater, which is intended to use in agricultural irrigation mixing with water channel. This study measured the concentration of some indicators microorganisms and emerging pathogens in the municipal treated wastewater (ART) and water channel (AC) in which will be use to mix the former. It was simulated hypothetical ART-AC mixtures for getting the impact in microorganisms concentration. It was made actual ART-AC mixtures and were measured the microorganisms concentration. The results indicate high concentrations of fecal coliforms, as well as cysts of Giardia and Cryptosporidium oocysts in ART. It was also detected the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in ART and ART-AC mixtures. It is recommended that ART be used in unrestricted agricultural crops without mixing with AC until knowing the cysts, oocysts and HAV viability.
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How to Cite
Castro-Espinoza, L. (2009). Emerging pathogens as restriction to the reuse of treated municipal wastewaters from Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico. Revista Latinoamericana De Recursos Naturales, 5(1), 9-21. Retrieved from https://revista.itson.edu.mx/index.php/rlrn/article/view/148
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Original Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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Shay-Fout.G., W. Frank, M. James, D. Daniel and E.S. Ronald. 1990. ICR Microbial Laboratory Manual, National Exposure Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati, Ohio. United States of America.
Silva-Ochoa, P., Scout C.A., 2002. Treatment Plant Effects on Wastewater Irrigation Benefits: Revisiting a Case Study in the Guanajuato River Basin, Mexico. En wastewater Use in Irrigated Agricultura Coordinating the Livelihood and Environmental Realities Edited by C.A. Scott, N.I. Faruqui, L. Raschid-Sally.
Weissenbecher, M., Salvatella R., Hortal M., 1998. El desafío de las enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes. Rev Med Uruguay 14:34-48.
Adam, R. D. 2001. Biology of Giardia lamblia. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 14: 447 – 475.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20 edición. American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C.
Bitton, G. 1999. Wastewater Microbiology. Second edition. Willey-Liss. New York, United States of America. pp 121-125.
Bisson, J.W. y V.J. Cabelli, 1979. Membrane filter enumeration method for Clostridium perfringens. Appl. Environmental Microbiology 37:55-66.
Blumenthal, U., Mara, D., Peasey, A., Palacios, G., Stott, R. 2000. Guidelines for the microbial quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 78:1104-1113.
Campos, C., 1999. Indicadores de contaminación fecal en la reutilización de aguas residuales para riego agrícola. Tesis doctoral. Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona. 250 pp.
Cuevas Salazar R. , L. Castro Espinoza, P. Gortáres Moroyoqui, & I. Ruiz-Hernández Water Quality Impact On Fresh Vegetables: Coliphages As Microbiological Indicators 4th International Symposium on wastewater reclamation and reuse, Nov 12-14, 2003. México D.F.
DuPont, H.L., C.L. Chappell, C.R. Sterling, P.C. Okhuysen, J.B. Rose, and W. Jakubowski. 1995. The Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in Healthy Volunteers. The New England J. of Medicine. 332:855-859 .
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2001 Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMS/FA. http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/1623ap01.pdf
FDA. 2005 Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handboock. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov
Gortáres Moroyoqui P., Castro Espinoza L, Naranjo J.E., Manshadi F., Gerba C. P., Karpiscak M. M., 20003a. Enteric pathogens in Raw Wastewater and Sruface Irrigation Water and Its Impact on fresh Vegetables. 4th International Symposium on wastewater reclamation and reuse, Nov 12-14, 2003. México D.F.
Gortáres Moroyoqui P., Castro Espinoza L, Torres A., Naranjo J.E., Karpiscak M. M., Gerba C. P., 2003b. Recycling Municipal Treated Wastewater for Crop Irrigation. 4th International Symposium on wastewater reclamation and reuse, Nov 12-14 2003. México D.F.
Hansen J. y Ongerth J., 1991. Effects of time and watershed characteristic on the concentration of Cryptosporidium oocytes in river water. Appl. Envviron. Microbiol. 57:2790-2795.
Hutton P., Ashbolt N., Vesey G., Walker J. y Ongerth J., 1995. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the aquatic environment of Sydney Australia. En: Protozoan parasites and water (W.B. Betts, D. Casemore, C, Fricker, H. Smith, J. Watkins Eds). The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, Inglaterra, pp 71-75.
Kott, Y., Roze, N., Sperber, S., and Betzer N., 1973. BActeriophages as viral pollution indicators. Water Research. 8:165-171.
Madigan M, Martinko J. y Parker J., 1999. Biología de los Microorganismos. 8 edición. Prentice Hall. Madrid, España. pp. 260-265 y 972.
Rose J.B., Hass C., y Regil S., 1991. Risk assessment and control of waterborne giardiasis. Am. J. Public Health, 81(6):709-713.
Scott C.A., N.I. Faruqui and L. Raschid-Sally, 2002. Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Management Challenges in Developing Countries. En Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agricultura Coordinating the Livelihood and Environmental Realities Edited by C.A. Scott, N.I. Faruqui, L. Raschid-Sally.
Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca. (SEMARNAP). 1997. NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996. Que establece los límites máximos permisibles de contaminantes en las descargas de aguas residuales en aguas y bienes nacionales. http://portal.semarnat.gob.mx/semarnat/portal/!ut/p/kcxml
Shay-Fout.G., W. Frank, M. James, D. Daniel and E.S. Ronald. 1990. ICR Microbial Laboratory Manual, National Exposure Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati, Ohio. United States of America.
Silva-Ochoa, P., Scout C.A., 2002. Treatment Plant Effects on Wastewater Irrigation Benefits: Revisiting a Case Study in the Guanajuato River Basin, Mexico. En wastewater Use in Irrigated Agricultura Coordinating the Livelihood and Environmental Realities Edited by C.A. Scott, N.I. Faruqui, L. Raschid-Sally.
Weissenbecher, M., Salvatella R., Hortal M., 1998. El desafío de las enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes. Rev Med Uruguay 14:34-48.