Fuel consumption by burning of litter layer in pine-fir and pine-oak forests
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Keywords:
combustion, forest fuels, fire behavior, combustion efficiency factor, needles
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Abstract
Forest fires consume large amounts of forest fuel. The objective of this work was to evaluate the consumption of the litter layer in burning pine-oak and pine-fir forest fuelbeds present in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. Litter layers (n=54), were burned in three slope conditions (0, 10 and 20°). The pre-burn and postburn load was evaluated for fuel consumption. We found no variation in litter layer burning between pine-oak and pine-fir, nor between slopes. The percentage of consumption was 60 and 45 % in pine-oak and pine-oak, respectively. Consumption was significantly correlated with fire behavior, fuel load and combustion efficiency factor allowing the generation of linear consumption estimation equations. The litter layers in which pine needles are integrated have no variation in fuel consumption, suggesting that the dominance of pine needles may be an indicator of the same fuelbed.
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Ortiz-Mendoza, R., González-Tagle, M. A., Pérez-Salicrup, D. R., Aguirre-Calderón, O. A., Himmelsbach, W., & Cuéllar-Rodríguez, L. G. (1). Fuel consumption by burning of litter layer in pine-fir and pine-oak forests. Revista Latinoamericana De Recursos Naturales, 20(2), 40-47. Retrieved from https://revista.itson.edu.mx/index.php/rlrn/article/view/344
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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Brewer, N.W., Smith, A.M.S., Hatten, J.A., Higuera, P.E., Hudak, A.T., Ottmar, R.D., Tinkham, W.T. 2013. Fuel moisture influences on fire-altered carbon in masticated fuels: An experimental study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 118(1): 30–40, ISSN: 21698961, DOI: 10.1029/2012JG002079.
Cascio, W.E. 2018. Wildland Fire Smoke and Human Health. The Science of the total environment, 624: 586, DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.12.086.
Cofer, W.R., Levine, J.S., Winstead, E.L., Stocks, B.J., Cahoon, D.R. y Pinto, J.P. 1993. Trace gas emissions from tropical biomass fires: Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 27(12): 1903–1907, ISSN: 0960-1686, DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90295-A.
Cornelissen, J.H.C., Grootemaat, S., Verheijen, L.M., Cornwell, W.K., van Bodegom, P.M., van der Wal, R. Aerts, R. 2017. Are litter decomposition and fire linked through plant species traits? New Phytologist, 216(3): 653–669, ISSN: 1469-8137, DOI: 10.1111/NPH.14766.
Díaz-Hernández, D., Rodríguez-Laguna, R., Rodríguez-Trejo, D.A., Acevedo-Sandoval, A. Maycotte-Morales, C. 2021. Pinus montezumae regeneration dynamics after a forest fire and a prescribed burn. Botanical Sciences, 99(1): 58–66, ISSN: 20074476, DOI: 10.17129/BOTSCI.2634.
Drury, S.A., Larkin, N. (Sim), Strand, T.T., Huang, S., Strenfel, S.J., Banwell, E.M., O’Brien, T.E. Raffuse, S.M. 2014. Intercomparison of fire size, fuel loading, fuel consumption, and smoke emissions estimates on the 2006 tripod fire, Washington, USA. Fire Ecology, 10(1): 56–83, ISSN: 19339747, DOI: 10.4996/fireecology.1001056.
Fernandes, P.M. Loureiro, C. 2013. Fine fuels consumption and CO2 emissions from surface fire experiments in maritime pine stands in northern Portugal. Forest Ecology and Management, 291: 344–356, ISSN: 0378-1127, DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.037.
Flores-Garnica, J.G. Benavides Solorio, J.D.D. 1995. Efectos de las quemas prescritas sobre algunas características del suelo en un rosal de pino. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 20(77).
Grootemaat, S., Wright, I.J., van Bodegom, P.M. Cornelissen, J.H.C. 2017. Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds. Oikos, 126(10): 1428–1438, ISSN: 1600-0706, DOI: 10.1111/OIK.03886.
Hood, S.M., Varner, J.M., Van Mantgem, P. Cansler, C.A. 2018. Fire and tree death: Understanding and improving modeling of fire-induced tree mortality. Environmental Research Letters, 13(11), ISSN: 17489326, DOI: 10.1088/17489326/aae934.
Keeley, J.E. 2009. Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: A brief review and suggested usage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18(1): 116–126, ISSN: 10498001, DOI: 10.1071/WF07049.
Knapp, E.E., Keeley, J.E., Ballenger, E.A. Brennan, T.J. 2005. Fuel reduction and coarse woody debris dynamics with early season and late season prescribed fire in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 208(1–3): 383–397, ISSN: 03781127, DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.016.
Kreye, J.K., Brewer, N.W., Morgan, P., Varner, J.M., Smith, A.M.S., Hoffman, C.M. Ottmar, R.D. 2014. Fire behavior in masticated fuels: A review. Forest Ecology and Management, 314: 193–207, ISSN: 03781127, DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.035.
Meddens, A.J.H., Kolden, C.A., Lutz, J.A., Smith, A.M.S., Cansler, C.A., Abatzoglou, J.T., Meigs, G.W., Downing, W.M. Krawchuk, M.A. 2018. Fire Refugia: What Are They, and Why Do They Matter for Global Change? BioScience, 68(12): 944–954, ISSN: 0006-3568, DOI: 10.1093/BIOSCI/BIY103.
O’Brien, J.J., Hiers, J.K., Varner, J.M., Hoffman, C.M., Dickinson, M.B., Michaletz, S.T., Loudermilk, E.L. Butler, B.W. 2018. Advances in Mechanistic Approaches to Quantifying Biophysical Fire Effects. Current Forestry Reports, 4(4): 161–177, ISSN: 21986436, DOI: 10.1007/S40725-018-0082-7/FIGURES/7.
Ottmar, R.D. 2014. Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Modeling fuel consumption. Forest Ecology and Management, 317: 41–50, ISSN: 0378-1127, DOI: 10.1016/J.FORECO.2013.06.010.
Ottmar, R.D., Hudak, A.T., Prichard, S.J., Wright, C.S., Restaino, J.C., Kennedy, M.C. Vihnanek, R.E. 2016. Pre-fire and post-fire surface fuel and cover measurements collected in the south-eastern United States for model evaluation and development - RxCADRE 2008, 2011 and 2012. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25(1): 10–24, ISSN: 10498001, DOI: 10.1071/WF15092.
Prichard, S.J., Kennedy, M.C., Wright, C.S., Cronan, J.B. Ottmar, R.D. 2017. Predicting forest floor and woody fuel consumption from prescribed burns in southern and western pine ecosystems of the United States. Data in Brief, 15: 742– 746, ISSN: 2352-3409, DOI: 10.1016/J.DIB.2017.10.029.
Reid, A.M., Robertson, K.M. Hmielowski, T.L. 2012. Predicting litter and live herb fuel consumption during prescribed fires in native and old-field upland pine communities of the southeastern United States. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42(8): 1611–1622, DOI: 10.1139/X2012-096.
Rodríguez-Trejo, D.A., Pulido-Luna, J.A., Martínez-Muñoz, P., Martínez-Lara, P.J. Monjarás-Vega, N.A. 2018. Análisis comparativo de quemas prescritas aplicadas a encinares tropicales. Agrociencia, ISSN-e 1405-3195, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2018, págs. 783-801, 52(6): 783–801, ISSN: 1405-3195.
Rstudio Team, 2020. RStudio: Integrated Development Environmental for R (Version 4.0.3.). RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. no. 4.0.3, Rstudio, PBC, Boston, MA, R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Russell-Smith, J., Murphy, B.P., Meyer, C.P. (Mick), Cook, G.D., Maier, S., Edwards, A.C., Schatz, J. Peter, B. 2009. Improving estimates of savanna burning emissions for greenhouse accounting in northern Australia: limitations, challenges, applications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18(1): 1–18, ISSN: 1448-5516, DOI: 10.1071/WF08009.
Sánchez-Monroy, X., Mell, W., Torres-Arenas, J. Butler, B.W. 2019. Fire spread upslope: Numerical simulation of laboratory experiments. Fire Safety Journal, 108: 102844, ISSN: 0379-7112, DOI: 10.1016/J.FIRESAF.2019.102844.
Sikkink, P.G., Jain, T.B., Reardon, J., Heinsch, F.A., Keane, R.E., Butler, B. Baggett, L.S. 2017. Effect of particle aging on chemical characteristics, smoldering, and fire behavior in mixed-conifer masticated fuel. Forest Ecology and Management, 405: 150–165, ISSN: 03781127, DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.008.
Varner, J.M., Hood, S.M., Aubrey, D.P., Yedinak, K., Hiers, J.K., Jolly, W.M., Shearman, T.M., McDaniel, J.K., O’Brien, J.J. Rowell, E.M. 2021. Tree crown injury from wildland fires: causes, measurement and ecological and physiological consequences. New Phytologist, 231(5): 1676– 1685, ISSN: 1469-8137, DOI: 10.1111/NPH.17539.
Weir, J.R. Limb, R.F. 2013. Seasonal variation in flammability characteristics of Quercus marilandica and Quercus stellata leaf litter burned in the laboratory. Fire Ecology, 9(3): 80– 88, ISSN: 19339747, DOI: 10.4996/fireecology.0903080.
Werth, P.A., Potter, B.E., Alexander, M.E., Clements, C.B., Cruz, M.G., Finney, M.A., Forthofer, J.M., Goodrick, S.L., Hoffman, C., Jolly, W.M., McAllister, S.S., Ottmar, R.D. Parsons, R.A. 2016. Synthesis of knowledge of extreme fire behavior: Volume 2 for Fire Behavior Specialists, Researchers, and Meteorologists. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-891, 2(March): 258.
Wright, C.S. 2013. Models for Predicting Fuel Consumption in Sagebrush-Dominated Ecosystems. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 66(3): 254–266, ISSN: 1550-7424, DOI: 10.2111/REM-D-12-00027.1.
Yokelson, R.J., Burling, I.R., Gilman, J.B., Warneke, C., Stockwell, C.E., De Gouw, J., Akagi, S.K., Urbanski, S.P., Veres, P., Roberts, J.M., Kuster, W.C., Reardon, J., Griffith, D.W.T., Johnson, T.J., Hosseini, S., Miller, J.W., Cocker III, D.R., Jung, H. Weise, D.R. 2013. Coupling field and laboratory measurements to estimate the emission factors of identified and unidentified trace gases for prescribed fires. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(1): 89–116, ISSN: 16807316, DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-89-2013.
Yokelson, R.J., Burling, I.R., Urbanski, S.P., Atlas, E.L., Adachi, K., Buseck, P.R., Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S.K., Toohey, D.W. Wold, C.E. 2011. Trace gas and particle emissions from open biomass burning in Mexico. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(14): 6787–6808, DOI: 10.5194/ACP-11-6787-2011.
Yokelson, R.J., Crounse, J.D., DeCarlo, P.F., Karl, T., Urbanski, S., Atlas, E., Campos, T., Shinozuka, Y., Kapustin, V., Clarke, A.D., Weinheimer, A., Knapp, D.J., Montzka, D.D., Holloway, J., Weibring, P., Flocke, F., Zheng, W., Toohey, D.,
Bär, A., Nardini, A., Mayr, S. 2018. Post-fire effects in xylem hydraulics of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. New Phytologist, 217(4): 1484–1493, ISSN: 14698137, DOI: 10.1111/NPH.14916.
Brewer, N.W., Smith, A.M.S., Hatten, J.A., Higuera, P.E., Hudak, A.T., Ottmar, R.D., Tinkham, W.T. 2013. Fuel moisture influences on fire-altered carbon in masticated fuels: An experimental study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 118(1): 30–40, ISSN: 21698961, DOI: 10.1029/2012JG002079.
Cascio, W.E. 2018. Wildland Fire Smoke and Human Health. The Science of the total environment, 624: 586, DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.12.086.
Cofer, W.R., Levine, J.S., Winstead, E.L., Stocks, B.J., Cahoon, D.R. y Pinto, J.P. 1993. Trace gas emissions from tropical biomass fires: Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 27(12): 1903–1907, ISSN: 0960-1686, DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90295-A.
Cornelissen, J.H.C., Grootemaat, S., Verheijen, L.M., Cornwell, W.K., van Bodegom, P.M., van der Wal, R. Aerts, R. 2017. Are litter decomposition and fire linked through plant species traits? New Phytologist, 216(3): 653–669, ISSN: 1469-8137, DOI: 10.1111/NPH.14766.
Díaz-Hernández, D., Rodríguez-Laguna, R., Rodríguez-Trejo, D.A., Acevedo-Sandoval, A. Maycotte-Morales, C. 2021. Pinus montezumae regeneration dynamics after a forest fire and a prescribed burn. Botanical Sciences, 99(1): 58–66, ISSN: 20074476, DOI: 10.17129/BOTSCI.2634.
Drury, S.A., Larkin, N. (Sim), Strand, T.T., Huang, S., Strenfel, S.J., Banwell, E.M., O’Brien, T.E. Raffuse, S.M. 2014. Intercomparison of fire size, fuel loading, fuel consumption, and smoke emissions estimates on the 2006 tripod fire, Washington, USA. Fire Ecology, 10(1): 56–83, ISSN: 19339747, DOI: 10.4996/fireecology.1001056.
Fernandes, P.M. Loureiro, C. 2013. Fine fuels consumption and CO2 emissions from surface fire experiments in maritime pine stands in northern Portugal. Forest Ecology and Management, 291: 344–356, ISSN: 0378-1127, DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.037.
Flores-Garnica, J.G. Benavides Solorio, J.D.D. 1995. Efectos de las quemas prescritas sobre algunas características del suelo en un rosal de pino. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 20(77).
Grootemaat, S., Wright, I.J., van Bodegom, P.M. Cornelissen, J.H.C. 2017. Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds. Oikos, 126(10): 1428–1438, ISSN: 1600-0706, DOI: 10.1111/OIK.03886.
Hood, S.M., Varner, J.M., Van Mantgem, P. Cansler, C.A. 2018. Fire and tree death: Understanding and improving modeling of fire-induced tree mortality. Environmental Research Letters, 13(11), ISSN: 17489326, DOI: 10.1088/17489326/aae934.
Keeley, J.E. 2009. Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: A brief review and suggested usage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18(1): 116–126, ISSN: 10498001, DOI: 10.1071/WF07049.
Knapp, E.E., Keeley, J.E., Ballenger, E.A. Brennan, T.J. 2005. Fuel reduction and coarse woody debris dynamics with early season and late season prescribed fire in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 208(1–3): 383–397, ISSN: 03781127, DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.016.
Kreye, J.K., Brewer, N.W., Morgan, P., Varner, J.M., Smith, A.M.S., Hoffman, C.M. Ottmar, R.D. 2014. Fire behavior in masticated fuels: A review. Forest Ecology and Management, 314: 193–207, ISSN: 03781127, DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.035.
Meddens, A.J.H., Kolden, C.A., Lutz, J.A., Smith, A.M.S., Cansler, C.A., Abatzoglou, J.T., Meigs, G.W., Downing, W.M. Krawchuk, M.A. 2018. Fire Refugia: What Are They, and Why Do They Matter for Global Change? BioScience, 68(12): 944–954, ISSN: 0006-3568, DOI: 10.1093/BIOSCI/BIY103.
O’Brien, J.J., Hiers, J.K., Varner, J.M., Hoffman, C.M., Dickinson, M.B., Michaletz, S.T., Loudermilk, E.L. Butler, B.W. 2018. Advances in Mechanistic Approaches to Quantifying Biophysical Fire Effects. Current Forestry Reports, 4(4): 161–177, ISSN: 21986436, DOI: 10.1007/S40725-018-0082-7/FIGURES/7.
Ottmar, R.D. 2014. Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Modeling fuel consumption. Forest Ecology and Management, 317: 41–50, ISSN: 0378-1127, DOI: 10.1016/J.FORECO.2013.06.010.
Ottmar, R.D., Hudak, A.T., Prichard, S.J., Wright, C.S., Restaino, J.C., Kennedy, M.C. Vihnanek, R.E. 2016. Pre-fire and post-fire surface fuel and cover measurements collected in the south-eastern United States for model evaluation and development - RxCADRE 2008, 2011 and 2012. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25(1): 10–24, ISSN: 10498001, DOI: 10.1071/WF15092.
Prichard, S.J., Kennedy, M.C., Wright, C.S., Cronan, J.B. Ottmar, R.D. 2017. Predicting forest floor and woody fuel consumption from prescribed burns in southern and western pine ecosystems of the United States. Data in Brief, 15: 742– 746, ISSN: 2352-3409, DOI: 10.1016/J.DIB.2017.10.029.
Reid, A.M., Robertson, K.M. Hmielowski, T.L. 2012. Predicting litter and live herb fuel consumption during prescribed fires in native and old-field upland pine communities of the southeastern United States. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42(8): 1611–1622, DOI: 10.1139/X2012-096.
Rodríguez-Trejo, D.A., Pulido-Luna, J.A., Martínez-Muñoz, P., Martínez-Lara, P.J. Monjarás-Vega, N.A. 2018. Análisis comparativo de quemas prescritas aplicadas a encinares tropicales. Agrociencia, ISSN-e 1405-3195, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2018, págs. 783-801, 52(6): 783–801, ISSN: 1405-3195.
Rstudio Team, 2020. RStudio: Integrated Development Environmental for R (Version 4.0.3.). RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. no. 4.0.3, Rstudio, PBC, Boston, MA, R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Russell-Smith, J., Murphy, B.P., Meyer, C.P. (Mick), Cook, G.D., Maier, S., Edwards, A.C., Schatz, J. Peter, B. 2009. Improving estimates of savanna burning emissions for greenhouse accounting in northern Australia: limitations, challenges, applications. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18(1): 1–18, ISSN: 1448-5516, DOI: 10.1071/WF08009.
Sánchez-Monroy, X., Mell, W., Torres-Arenas, J. Butler, B.W. 2019. Fire spread upslope: Numerical simulation of laboratory experiments. Fire Safety Journal, 108: 102844, ISSN: 0379-7112, DOI: 10.1016/J.FIRESAF.2019.102844.
Sikkink, P.G., Jain, T.B., Reardon, J., Heinsch, F.A., Keane, R.E., Butler, B. Baggett, L.S. 2017. Effect of particle aging on chemical characteristics, smoldering, and fire behavior in mixed-conifer masticated fuel. Forest Ecology and Management, 405: 150–165, ISSN: 03781127, DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.008.
Varner, J.M., Hood, S.M., Aubrey, D.P., Yedinak, K., Hiers, J.K., Jolly, W.M., Shearman, T.M., McDaniel, J.K., O’Brien, J.J. Rowell, E.M. 2021. Tree crown injury from wildland fires: causes, measurement and ecological and physiological consequences. New Phytologist, 231(5): 1676– 1685, ISSN: 1469-8137, DOI: 10.1111/NPH.17539.
Weir, J.R. Limb, R.F. 2013. Seasonal variation in flammability characteristics of Quercus marilandica and Quercus stellata leaf litter burned in the laboratory. Fire Ecology, 9(3): 80– 88, ISSN: 19339747, DOI: 10.4996/fireecology.0903080.
Werth, P.A., Potter, B.E., Alexander, M.E., Clements, C.B., Cruz, M.G., Finney, M.A., Forthofer, J.M., Goodrick, S.L., Hoffman, C., Jolly, W.M., McAllister, S.S., Ottmar, R.D. Parsons, R.A. 2016. Synthesis of knowledge of extreme fire behavior: Volume 2 for Fire Behavior Specialists, Researchers, and Meteorologists. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-891, 2(March): 258.
Wright, C.S. 2013. Models for Predicting Fuel Consumption in Sagebrush-Dominated Ecosystems. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 66(3): 254–266, ISSN: 1550-7424, DOI: 10.2111/REM-D-12-00027.1.
Yokelson, R.J., Burling, I.R., Gilman, J.B., Warneke, C., Stockwell, C.E., De Gouw, J., Akagi, S.K., Urbanski, S.P., Veres, P., Roberts, J.M., Kuster, W.C., Reardon, J., Griffith, D.W.T., Johnson, T.J., Hosseini, S., Miller, J.W., Cocker III, D.R., Jung, H. Weise, D.R. 2013. Coupling field and laboratory measurements to estimate the emission factors of identified and unidentified trace gases for prescribed fires. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(1): 89–116, ISSN: 16807316, DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-89-2013.
Yokelson, R.J., Burling, I.R., Urbanski, S.P., Atlas, E.L., Adachi, K., Buseck, P.R., Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S.K., Toohey, D.W. Wold, C.E. 2011. Trace gas and particle emissions from open biomass burning in Mexico. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(14): 6787–6808, DOI: 10.5194/ACP-11-6787-2011.
Yokelson, R.J., Crounse, J.D., DeCarlo, P.F., Karl, T., Urbanski, S., Atlas, E., Campos, T., Shinozuka, Y., Kapustin, V., Clarke, A.D., Weinheimer, A., Knapp, D.J., Montzka, D.D., Holloway, J., Weibring, P., Flocke, F., Zheng, W., Toohey, D.,