Calidad de agua y balance de nutrientes en un cultivo experimental cerrado de tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
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Resumen
Two experiments were conducted in an effort to determine the effects of stocking density, water quality, tilapia growth performance, and nutrient distribution and budget. Experiment was designed for an intensive culture of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Tilapia weight gain and production was higher in the treatment with higher stocking density. Total nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, nitratenitrogen, total phosphorus and phosphorus dissolved concentrations in all the treatments remained low in the safe range for tilapia during the study period. The major source of nutrient input was feed, tilapia feed accounted for 71-75% nitrogen and 53-65% phosphorus of the total inputs. Nutrient budget revealed the feed input, 40-43% of the nitrogen and 61-70% of the phosphorus were incorporated in the fish harvested. The production of one kilogram of tilapia required 1.8-1.9 kg of feed in different treatments, while 26-28 g nitrogen and 11-15 g phosphorus were released into the water, as metabolic waste. The drained water at harvest contained 13.0% nitrogen and 12.4% phosphorus of the total inputs. The study has demonstrated that RAS tilapia culture system can maintain acceptable water quality for tilapia growth, to increased efficiency and reduce nutrient loss through pond effluents.
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Casillas-Hernnández, R. (2012). Calidad de agua y balance de nutrientes en un cultivo experimental cerrado de tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Revista Latinoamericana De Recursos Naturales, 8(2), 46-55. Recuperado a partir de https://revista.itson.edu.mx/index.php/rlrn/article/view/200
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Artículos Originales
Citas
APHA (American Public Health Association) 2012. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd Edition, Port City Press, Baltimore.
Avnimelech, Y. 2007. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds Aquaculture 264 (2007) 140–147.
Avnimelech, Y. 1999. Carbon / nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 176 : 227–235.
Avnimelech, Y., M. Kochba. 2009. Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and excretion by tilapia in bio floc tanks, using 15N tracing. Aquaculture 287: 163–168.
Boyd, C.E. 1990. Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture, 473p. Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station, Auburn University, Alabama, pp. 379-380.
Boyd, C.E. 1986. Component of development techniques for management of environment quality in aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering. 5:135-146.
Casillas-Hernández, R., F. Magallón-Barajas, G. Portillo-Clarck, F. Páez-Osuna. 2006. Nutrient mass balances in semiintensive shrimp ponds from Sonora, Mexico using two feeding strategies: Trays and mechanical dispersal. Aquaculture 258 : 289–298.
Colt, J. 2006. Water quality requirements for reuse systems. Aquacultural Engineering 34: 143–156.
Costa-Pierce, B.A., Bartley, D.M., Hasan, M., Yusoff, F., Kaushik, S.J., Rana, K., Lemos, D., Bueno, P.,Yakupitiyage, A. 2012. Responsible use of resources for sustainable aquaculture. In R.P. Subasinghe, J.R. Arthur, D.M. Bartley, S.S. De Silva, M. Halwart, N. Hishamunda, C.V. Mohan & P. Sorgeloos, eds. Farming the Waters for People and Food. Proceedings of the Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010, Phuket, Thailand. 22–25 September 2010. pp. 113–147. FAO, Rome and NACA, Bangkok.
Crab, R., M. Kochva., W. Verstraete., Y. Avnimelech. 2009. Bio-flocs technology application in over-wintering of tilapia. Aquacultural Engineering 40:105–112.
Crab, R., Y. Avnimelech, T. Defoirdt, P. Bossier, W. Verstraete. 2007. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production (Review article). Aquaculture 270: 1– 14.
Diab, S., M. Shilo. 1988. Effect of light on the activity and survival of Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. isolated from fish pond. Bamidgeh 40: 50-56.
Dominguez, M., A. Takemura, M. Tsuchiya, S. Nakamura. 2001. Impact of different environmental factors on the circulating immunoglobulin levels in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 241: 491–500.
Gall-Graham A.E., Y. Bakar. 1999. Stocking density and tank size in the design of breed improvement programs for body size of tilapia . Aquaculture 173: 197–205.
Geoff, D., Everitt, B.S. 2000. A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SAS, 2nd Edition. Chapman & Hall, CRC. 360 pp.
Hargreaves, J.A., S. Kucuk. 2001. Effects of diel un-ionized ammonia fluctuation on juvenile hybrid striped bass, channel catfish, and blue tilapia. Aquaculture 195:163–181.
Huchette, S.M.H., M.C.M. Beveridge. 2003. Technical and economical evaluation of periphyton-based cage culture of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in tropical freshwater cages. Aquaculture 218: 219–234.
Krom, M.D., A. Neori. 1989. A total nutrient budget for an experimental intensive fish pond with circulatory moving seawater. Aquaculture 15: 185 -/193.
Lin, C.K. and Y. Yang. 2003. Minimizing environmental impacts of freshwater aquaculture and reuse of pond effluents and mud. Aquaculture 226: 57–68.
Lin, C.K. 1995. Progression of Intensive marine shrimp culture in Thailand. In: Browdy, C., Hopkins, J.S. (Eds.), Swimming Through Troubled Water. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 13 -22.
Martins, M. L., C.A. Shoemaker, D. Xu, P.H. Klesius. 2011. Effect of parasitism on vaccine efficacy against Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia. Aquaculture. 314: 18–23.
Martins, C.I.M., E.H. Eding, M.C.J. Verdegem, L.T.N. Heinsbroek, O. Schneider, J.P. Blancheton, E. Roque d’Orbcastel, J.A.J. Verreth. 2010. New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability (Review). Aquacultural Engineering 43: 83–93.
Páez-Osuna, F., A.C.Ruíz-Fernández. 2005. Environmental load of nitrogen and phosphorus from extensive, semi-intensive and intensive shrimp farms in the Gulf of California ecoregion. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74: 681–688.
Phillips, M.J., C.K. Lin, M.C.M Bereridge. 1993. Shrimp culture and the environmental-lessons from the World’s most rapidly expanding warm water aquaculture sector. In: Pullin, R.S.V., Rosenthal, H., Maclean, J.L. (Eds.) Environment and Aquaculture in Developing Countries. ICLARM Conference Proceeding, vol. 31, pp. 171-/197.
Piedrahita, R.H. 2003. Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation. Aquaculture 226: 35–44.
Pongthana Nuanmanee., Nguyen Hong Nguyen., Raul W. Ponzoni. 2010. Comparative performance of four red tilapia strains and their crosses in fresh and saline water environments. Aquaculture 308: 109–114
Schneider, O., V. Sereti, E.H. Eding, J.A.J. Verreth. 2005. Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 32: 379–401.
Schryver, P. De, R. Crab, T. Defoirdt, N. Boon, W. Verstraete. 2008. The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture. 277: 125–137.
Shnel Nadav., Yoram Barak., Tamir Ezer., Zaev Dafni., Jaap van Rijn. 2002. Design and performance of a zero-discharge tilapia recirculating system. Aquacultural Engineering 26: 191–203
Seawright Damon E.,. Robert R. Stickney and Richard B. Walker. Nutrient dynamics in integrated aquaculture– hydroponics systems. Aquaculture 160-1998. 215–237.
Siddiqui, A.Q., A.H. Al-Harbi. 1999. Nutrient budgets in tanks with different stocking densities of hybrid tilapia (Short communication). Aquaculture 170: 245–252.
Strickland, J.D.H., T.R Parsons. 1972. A Practical Handbook for Seawater Analysis, second ed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, p. 310.
Thakur, D., C. Prasad, K. Lin. 2003. Water quality and nutrient budget in closed shrimp (Penaeus monodon) culture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 27: 159-/176.
Timmons, M.B., J.M. Ebeling., F.W. Wheaton., S.T. Summerfelt., B.J. Vinci. 2002. Sistemas de Recirculación para la Acuicultura. Fundación Chile. ISBN 956-8200-00-2. 745 pp.
Twarowska, J.G., P.W. Westerman, T.M. Losordo. 1997. Water treatment and waste characterization evaluation of an intensive recirculating fish production system. Aquacultural Engineering I6: 133-147.
Valderrama, J. G. 1981. The simultaneus analysis of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in natural waters. Marine Chemistry 10: 109-122.
Wallin, M., L. Hakanson. 1991. Nutrient loading models for estimating the environmental effects of marine fish farms. In: Marine Aquaculture and Environment, T. Makinen (Ed). Copenhagen, Nordic Council of Ministers. Nord. (22): 39- 55.
Wik-Torsten E.I., B.T. Lindén, I. Per. 2009. Wramner Integrated dynamic aquaculture and wastewater treatment modelling for recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 287: 361–370.
Yousef, S., A. Hafedh, A. Alam. 2005. Operation of a Water Recirculating Greenwater System for the Semi-Intensive Culture of Mixed-Sex and All-Male Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, Vol. 17(4).
Avnimelech, Y. 2007. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds Aquaculture 264 (2007) 140–147.
Avnimelech, Y. 1999. Carbon / nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 176 : 227–235.
Avnimelech, Y., M. Kochba. 2009. Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and excretion by tilapia in bio floc tanks, using 15N tracing. Aquaculture 287: 163–168.
Boyd, C.E. 1990. Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture, 473p. Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station, Auburn University, Alabama, pp. 379-380.
Boyd, C.E. 1986. Component of development techniques for management of environment quality in aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering. 5:135-146.
Casillas-Hernández, R., F. Magallón-Barajas, G. Portillo-Clarck, F. Páez-Osuna. 2006. Nutrient mass balances in semiintensive shrimp ponds from Sonora, Mexico using two feeding strategies: Trays and mechanical dispersal. Aquaculture 258 : 289–298.
Colt, J. 2006. Water quality requirements for reuse systems. Aquacultural Engineering 34: 143–156.
Costa-Pierce, B.A., Bartley, D.M., Hasan, M., Yusoff, F., Kaushik, S.J., Rana, K., Lemos, D., Bueno, P.,Yakupitiyage, A. 2012. Responsible use of resources for sustainable aquaculture. In R.P. Subasinghe, J.R. Arthur, D.M. Bartley, S.S. De Silva, M. Halwart, N. Hishamunda, C.V. Mohan & P. Sorgeloos, eds. Farming the Waters for People and Food. Proceedings of the Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010, Phuket, Thailand. 22–25 September 2010. pp. 113–147. FAO, Rome and NACA, Bangkok.
Crab, R., M. Kochva., W. Verstraete., Y. Avnimelech. 2009. Bio-flocs technology application in over-wintering of tilapia. Aquacultural Engineering 40:105–112.
Crab, R., Y. Avnimelech, T. Defoirdt, P. Bossier, W. Verstraete. 2007. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production (Review article). Aquaculture 270: 1– 14.
Diab, S., M. Shilo. 1988. Effect of light on the activity and survival of Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. isolated from fish pond. Bamidgeh 40: 50-56.
Dominguez, M., A. Takemura, M. Tsuchiya, S. Nakamura. 2001. Impact of different environmental factors on the circulating immunoglobulin levels in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 241: 491–500.
Gall-Graham A.E., Y. Bakar. 1999. Stocking density and tank size in the design of breed improvement programs for body size of tilapia . Aquaculture 173: 197–205.
Geoff, D., Everitt, B.S. 2000. A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SAS, 2nd Edition. Chapman & Hall, CRC. 360 pp.
Hargreaves, J.A., S. Kucuk. 2001. Effects of diel un-ionized ammonia fluctuation on juvenile hybrid striped bass, channel catfish, and blue tilapia. Aquaculture 195:163–181.
Huchette, S.M.H., M.C.M. Beveridge. 2003. Technical and economical evaluation of periphyton-based cage culture of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in tropical freshwater cages. Aquaculture 218: 219–234.
Krom, M.D., A. Neori. 1989. A total nutrient budget for an experimental intensive fish pond with circulatory moving seawater. Aquaculture 15: 185 -/193.
Lin, C.K. and Y. Yang. 2003. Minimizing environmental impacts of freshwater aquaculture and reuse of pond effluents and mud. Aquaculture 226: 57–68.
Lin, C.K. 1995. Progression of Intensive marine shrimp culture in Thailand. In: Browdy, C., Hopkins, J.S. (Eds.), Swimming Through Troubled Water. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 13 -22.
Martins, M. L., C.A. Shoemaker, D. Xu, P.H. Klesius. 2011. Effect of parasitism on vaccine efficacy against Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia. Aquaculture. 314: 18–23.
Martins, C.I.M., E.H. Eding, M.C.J. Verdegem, L.T.N. Heinsbroek, O. Schneider, J.P. Blancheton, E. Roque d’Orbcastel, J.A.J. Verreth. 2010. New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability (Review). Aquacultural Engineering 43: 83–93.
Páez-Osuna, F., A.C.Ruíz-Fernández. 2005. Environmental load of nitrogen and phosphorus from extensive, semi-intensive and intensive shrimp farms in the Gulf of California ecoregion. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74: 681–688.
Phillips, M.J., C.K. Lin, M.C.M Bereridge. 1993. Shrimp culture and the environmental-lessons from the World’s most rapidly expanding warm water aquaculture sector. In: Pullin, R.S.V., Rosenthal, H., Maclean, J.L. (Eds.) Environment and Aquaculture in Developing Countries. ICLARM Conference Proceeding, vol. 31, pp. 171-/197.
Piedrahita, R.H. 2003. Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation. Aquaculture 226: 35–44.
Pongthana Nuanmanee., Nguyen Hong Nguyen., Raul W. Ponzoni. 2010. Comparative performance of four red tilapia strains and their crosses in fresh and saline water environments. Aquaculture 308: 109–114
Schneider, O., V. Sereti, E.H. Eding, J.A.J. Verreth. 2005. Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 32: 379–401.
Schryver, P. De, R. Crab, T. Defoirdt, N. Boon, W. Verstraete. 2008. The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture. 277: 125–137.
Shnel Nadav., Yoram Barak., Tamir Ezer., Zaev Dafni., Jaap van Rijn. 2002. Design and performance of a zero-discharge tilapia recirculating system. Aquacultural Engineering 26: 191–203
Seawright Damon E.,. Robert R. Stickney and Richard B. Walker. Nutrient dynamics in integrated aquaculture– hydroponics systems. Aquaculture 160-1998. 215–237.
Siddiqui, A.Q., A.H. Al-Harbi. 1999. Nutrient budgets in tanks with different stocking densities of hybrid tilapia (Short communication). Aquaculture 170: 245–252.
Strickland, J.D.H., T.R Parsons. 1972. A Practical Handbook for Seawater Analysis, second ed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, p. 310.
Thakur, D., C. Prasad, K. Lin. 2003. Water quality and nutrient budget in closed shrimp (Penaeus monodon) culture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 27: 159-/176.
Timmons, M.B., J.M. Ebeling., F.W. Wheaton., S.T. Summerfelt., B.J. Vinci. 2002. Sistemas de Recirculación para la Acuicultura. Fundación Chile. ISBN 956-8200-00-2. 745 pp.
Twarowska, J.G., P.W. Westerman, T.M. Losordo. 1997. Water treatment and waste characterization evaluation of an intensive recirculating fish production system. Aquacultural Engineering I6: 133-147.
Valderrama, J. G. 1981. The simultaneus analysis of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in natural waters. Marine Chemistry 10: 109-122.
Wallin, M., L. Hakanson. 1991. Nutrient loading models for estimating the environmental effects of marine fish farms. In: Marine Aquaculture and Environment, T. Makinen (Ed). Copenhagen, Nordic Council of Ministers. Nord. (22): 39- 55.
Wik-Torsten E.I., B.T. Lindén, I. Per. 2009. Wramner Integrated dynamic aquaculture and wastewater treatment modelling for recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 287: 361–370.
Yousef, S., A. Hafedh, A. Alam. 2005. Operation of a Water Recirculating Greenwater System for the Semi-Intensive Culture of Mixed-Sex and All-Male Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, Vol. 17(4).