A molecular marker from the IGF1 gene as early predictor for fertility in Brangus heifers raised under semiarid environmental conditions
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Published:
Feb 3, 2026
Keywords:
Cattle, genetic selection, reproduction, SNP
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Abstract
Fertility in Brangus cattle raised in semi-arid regions is crucial for herd profitability, so the selection of genetically superior cows is desirable. The objective was to study single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IGF1 gene as genetic markers of fertility in Brangus heifers. Blood samples were collected from 264 heifers for DNA extraction and genotyping of 4 SNPs. An associative study was conducted using a statistic mixed-effects model. Only the SNP rs5367940596 met quality criteria and resulted as predictor of age at first calving (AFC). The favorable genotype was found to be TT because it was associated with a reduction in AFC of 56.2 days for each T allele present in the genotype. This SNP showed an additive effect since fertility improved as the number of favorable T alleles increased. Additionally, the expression of the IGF1 gene was increased (P<0.05) in heifers with the favorable genotype. In conclusion, the SNP rs5367940596 within the gene IGF1 is proposed as genetic marker to improve AFC in Brangus heifers managed in semi-arid environments. These results provide biological evidence of the regulatory role of the IGF1 gene in Brangus cattle fertility.
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Casas-Rascón, G. M., Quiñones-Chayrez, K. M., López-Castro, P. A., Nieblas-López, M. I., & Luna-Nevárez, P. (2026). A molecular marker from the IGF1 gene as early predictor for fertility in Brangus heifers raised under semiarid environmental conditions. Revista Latinoamericana De Recursos Naturales, 22, 15-23. Retrieved from https://revista.itson.edu.mx/index.php/rlrn/article/view/376
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Original Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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Araujo, M.S., Guastali, M.D., Paulini, F., Silva, A.N., Tsunemi, M.H., Fontes, P.K., Castilho, A.C.S., Landim-Alvarenga, F.C. 2020. Molecular and cellular effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and LongR3-IGF-1 on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes: comparative study. Growth Hormone IGF Research. 55:101357. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101357.
Baneh, H., Elatkin, N., Gentzbittel, L. 2025. Genome-wide association studies and genetic architecture of carcass traits in Angus beef cattle using imputed whole-genome sequences data. Genetic Selection Evolution. 57(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s12711-025-00970-6.
Barrera, S.S., Naranjo-Gomez, J.S., Rondón-Barragán, I.S. 2023. Thermoprotective molecules: Effect of insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-1) in cattle oocytes exposed to high temperatures. Heliyon. 9(3):e14375. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14375.
Beef Improvement Federation. 2006. Guidelines for Uniform Beef Improvement Programs. 8th ed. [on line] http://www.beefim provement.org/library/06guidelines.pdf
Castillo-Salas, C.A., Luna-Nevárez, G., Reyna-Granados, J.R., Luna-Ramirez, R.I., Limesand, S.W., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2023. Molecular markers for thermo-tolerance are associated with reproductive and physiological traits in Pelibuey ewes raised in a semiarid environment. Journal of Thermal Biology. 112, 103475.
Contreras-Méndez, L.A., Medrano, J.F., Thomas, M.G., Enns, R.M., Speidel, S.E., Luna-Nevárez, G., López-Castro, P.A., Rivera-Acuña, F., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2024. The Anti- Müllerian hormone as endocrine and molecular marker associated with reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows exposed to heat stress. Animals (Basel). 14(2):213.
Davis M. E., Simmen R. C. 1997. Genetic parameter estimates for serum insulin-like growth factor I concentration and performance traits in Angus beef cattle Journal of Animal Science. 75, 317–324.
Deng, T., Li, K., Du, L., Liang, M., Qian, L., Xue, Q., Qiu, S., Xu, L., Zhang, L., Gao, X., Lan, X., Li, J., Gao, H. 2024. Genome-Wide Gene-Environment Interaction Analysis Identifies Novel Candidate Variants for Growth Traits in Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel). 14(11):1695. doi: 10.3390/ani14111695.
Farber, C.R., Corva, P.M., Medrano, J.F. 2006. Genome-wide isolation of growth and obesity QTL using mouse speed congenic strains. BMC Genomics. 7:1-17.
Frezarim, G.B., Fonseca, L.F.S., Salatta, B.M., Silva, D.B.S., Bresolin, T., Oliveira Seno, L., Barufatti, A., Ferro, J.A., Albuquerque, L.G. 2022. Genes and proteins associated with ribeye area and meat tenderness in a commercial Nellore cattle population. Genome. 65(4):229-240. doi: 10.1139/gen- 2020-0163.
Hartanto, S., Budiyanto, A., Widayanti, R., Setyawan, E.M.N., Prasetya, I.D. 2023. Characterization of polymorphisms in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 genes and their association with fertility traits in Jawa-Brebes cows. Veterinary World. 16(4):711- 716. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.711-716.
Hull, K.L., Harvey S. 2014. Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2014:234014. doi: 10.1155/2014/234014.
Hurtado-Martínez, R.L., Pineda-Montes, A., Luna-Ramirez, P., Reyna-Granados, J.R., Leyva-Corona, J.C., Zamorano- Algandar, R., Nieblas- López, M.I., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2024. Polymorphism from the gene TLR4 associated with milk production traits in Holstein cows managed under heat stress. Revista Latinoamericana de Recursos Naturales 20(3):138-144.
Johnston, D.J., Herd, R.M., Reverter A., Oddy, V.H. 2001. Heritability of IGF-I in beef cattle and its association with growth and carcass traits. Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics. 14, 163–166.
Leyva-Corona, J.C., Reyna-Granados, J.R., Zamorano-Algandar, R., Sanchez-Castro, M.A., Thomas, M.G., Enns, R.M., Speidel, J.E., Medrano, J.F., Rincon, G., Luna-Nevarez, P. 2018. Polymorphisms within the prolactin and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 functional pathways associated with fertility traits in Holstein cows raised in a hot-humid climate. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 50:1913–1920. doi: /10.1007/s11250-018-1645-0.
Littell, R.C., Stroup, W.W., Freund, R.J. 2002. SAS for linear models, 4th Ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Luna-Nevárez, P., Álvarez-Tavares, I., Torres Simental, J.F., Leyva-Corona, J.C, Medrano, J.F., Thomas, M.G., Zamorano-Algandar, R., Nieblas-López, M. 2024. Polimorfismo del gen PAPPA2 asociado con la fertilidad postparto en vacas lecheras de raza Holstein manejadas bajo condiciones cálidas en el sur de Sonora México. Biotecnia. 26, e2261.
Luna-Nevárez, G., Kelly, A.C., Camacho, L.E., Limesand, S.W., Reyna-Granados, J.R and Luna-Nevarez, P. 2020. Discovery and validation of candidate SNP markers associated to heat stress response in pregnant ewes managed inside a climate- controlled chamber. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 52: 3457–3466.
Luna-Nevarez, P., Rincon, G., Medrano, J.F., Riley, D.G., Chase, C.C.Jr., Coleman, S.W., DeAtley, K.L., Islas-Trejo, A., Silver, G.A., Thomas, M.G. 2012. Identification of one polymorphism from the gene PAPP-A2 associated to fertility in Romosinuano beef heifers raised under a subtropical environment. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 3(2)185-200.
Luna-Nevarez, P., Rincon, G., Medrano, J.F., Riley, D.G., Chase, C.C.Jr., Coleman, S..W., VanLeeuwen, D., DeAtley, K.L., Islas-Trejo, A., Silver, G.A., Thomas, M.G. 2011. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the growth hormone-insulin like growth factor axis in straightbred and crossbred Angus, Brahman, and Romosinuano heifers: Population genetic analyses and association of genotypes with reproductive phenotypes. Journal of Animal Science. 89: 926-934.
Mirzaei, A., Sharifiyazdi, H., Ahmadi, M.R., Ararooti, T., Ghasrodashti, A.R., Kadivar, A. 2012. The effect of polymorphism in gene of insulin-like growth factor-I on the serum periparturient concentration in Holstein dairy cows. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2(10):765-9. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60226-3.
Nicolini, P., Carriquiry, M., Meikle, A. 2013. A polymorphism in the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene is associated with postpartum resumption of ovarian cyclicity in Holstein- Friesian cows under grazing conditions. Acta Veterinary Scandinavica. 55(1):11. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-11.
Radcliff, R.P., VandeHaar, M.J., Kobayashi, Y., Sharma, B.K., Tucker, H.A., Lucy, M.C. 2004. Effect of dietary energy and somatotropin on components of the somatotropic axis in Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 87:1229–1235. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73273-7.
Rodríguez-Borbón, A., Medrano, J. F., Thomas, M. G., Enns, R. M., Speidel, S. E., Torres-Simental, J. F., Rivera-Acuña, F., Hernández-Chávez, J. F., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2023. Polymorphisms within the IGF1 and IGF1R genes associated with superovulation-related traits in Holstein dairy cows managed in a semiarid environment. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 11(4), 2023029.
Rincon, G., Farber, E.A., Farber, C.R., Nkrumah, J.D., Medrano, J.F. 2009. Polymorphisms in the STAT6 gene and their association with carcass traits in feedlot cattle. Animal Genetics. 40(6):878-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2052.2009.01934.x.
Saxton, A.M., Balzarini, M.G., Cappio-Borlino, A., Czika, W., Fry, J.D., Gibson, G., Guerra, J.L. 2004. Genetic analysis of complex traits using SAS. SAS Institute, Inc., North Carolina.
Schiffers, C., Serbetci, I., Mense, K., Kassens, A., Grothmann, H., Sommer, M., Hoeflich, C., Hoeflich, A., Bollwein, H., Schmicke, M. 2024. Association between IGF-1 and IGFBPs in Blood and Follicular Fluid in Dairy Cows Under Field Conditions. Animals (Basel). 14(16):2370. doi: 10.3390/ani14162370.
Sebastiano, L., Consuelo, M.M., Veronica, D.S.M., Luisa, P., Giovanni, C., Michella, N., Vincenzo, C. 2019. Polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor 1 gene and its relationship with reproductive performances and milk yield in Sarda dairy sheep. Veterinary Animal Science. 15;9:100084. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100084.
Sherman, E.L., Nkrumah, J.D., Murdoch, B.M., Li, C., Wang, Z., Fu, A., Moore, S.S. 2008. Polymorphisms and haplotypes in the bovine neuropeptide Y, growth hormone receptor, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor 2, and uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 genes and their associations with measures of growth, performance, feed efficiency, and carcass merit in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 86:11-16.
Shirley, K.L., Thomas, M.G., Hallford, D.M., Silver, G.A., Beauchemin, V.R., Enns, R.M. 2005. Prediction of reproductive traits in Brangus heifers using a SNP and the translated product of the IGF-I gene. Proccedings Western American Society of Animal Science. 56.
Torres-Simental, J.F., Peña-Calderón, C., Avendaño-Reyes, L., Correa-Calderón, A., Macías-Cruz, U., Rodríguez-Borbón, A., Leyva-Corona, J.C., Rivera-Acuña, F., Thomas, M.G., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2021. Predictive markers for superovulation response and embryo production in beef cattle managed in northwest Mexico are influenced by climate. Livestock Science. 250:104590.
Velazquez, M. 2008. Assisted reproductive technologies in cattle: applications in livestock production, biomedical research and conservation biology. Annual Review of Biomedical Science. 10, 36–62.
Wang Y., Price S.E., Jiang H. 2003. Cloning and characterization of the bovine class 1 and class 2 insulin-like growth factor-I mRNAs. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 25, 315–328.
Zamorano-Algandar, R., Medrano, J.F., Thomas, M.G., Enns, R.M., Speidel, S.E., Sánchez-Castro, M.A., Luna-Nevárez, G., Leyva-Corona, J.C., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2023. Genetic markers associated with milk production and thermotolerance in Holstein dairy cows managed in a heat- stressed environment. Biology, 12, 679.
Aragón-López, C., Luna-Nevárez, P., Ortiz-Encinas, V., Leyva- Corona, J.C., Cantú-Soto, E.U. and Reyna-Granados, J.R. 2021. Detección molecular de Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys y Rickettsia rickettsiien caninos domésticos del municipio de Cajeme, Sonora, México. Abanico Veterinario. 11: 1-15.
Araujo, M.S., Guastali, M.D., Paulini, F., Silva, A.N., Tsunemi, M.H., Fontes, P.K., Castilho, A.C.S., Landim-Alvarenga, F.C. 2020. Molecular and cellular effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and LongR3-IGF-1 on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes: comparative study. Growth Hormone IGF Research. 55:101357. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101357.
Baneh, H., Elatkin, N., Gentzbittel, L. 2025. Genome-wide association studies and genetic architecture of carcass traits in Angus beef cattle using imputed whole-genome sequences data. Genetic Selection Evolution. 57(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s12711-025-00970-6.
Barrera, S.S., Naranjo-Gomez, J.S., Rondón-Barragán, I.S. 2023. Thermoprotective molecules: Effect of insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-1) in cattle oocytes exposed to high temperatures. Heliyon. 9(3):e14375. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14375.
Beef Improvement Federation. 2006. Guidelines for Uniform Beef Improvement Programs. 8th ed. [on line] http://www.beefim provement.org/library/06guidelines.pdf
Castillo-Salas, C.A., Luna-Nevárez, G., Reyna-Granados, J.R., Luna-Ramirez, R.I., Limesand, S.W., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2023. Molecular markers for thermo-tolerance are associated with reproductive and physiological traits in Pelibuey ewes raised in a semiarid environment. Journal of Thermal Biology. 112, 103475.
Contreras-Méndez, L.A., Medrano, J.F., Thomas, M.G., Enns, R.M., Speidel, S.E., Luna-Nevárez, G., López-Castro, P.A., Rivera-Acuña, F., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2024. The Anti- Müllerian hormone as endocrine and molecular marker associated with reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows exposed to heat stress. Animals (Basel). 14(2):213.
Davis M. E., Simmen R. C. 1997. Genetic parameter estimates for serum insulin-like growth factor I concentration and performance traits in Angus beef cattle Journal of Animal Science. 75, 317–324.
Deng, T., Li, K., Du, L., Liang, M., Qian, L., Xue, Q., Qiu, S., Xu, L., Zhang, L., Gao, X., Lan, X., Li, J., Gao, H. 2024. Genome-Wide Gene-Environment Interaction Analysis Identifies Novel Candidate Variants for Growth Traits in Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel). 14(11):1695. doi: 10.3390/ani14111695.
Farber, C.R., Corva, P.M., Medrano, J.F. 2006. Genome-wide isolation of growth and obesity QTL using mouse speed congenic strains. BMC Genomics. 7:1-17.
Frezarim, G.B., Fonseca, L.F.S., Salatta, B.M., Silva, D.B.S., Bresolin, T., Oliveira Seno, L., Barufatti, A., Ferro, J.A., Albuquerque, L.G. 2022. Genes and proteins associated with ribeye area and meat tenderness in a commercial Nellore cattle population. Genome. 65(4):229-240. doi: 10.1139/gen- 2020-0163.
Hartanto, S., Budiyanto, A., Widayanti, R., Setyawan, E.M.N., Prasetya, I.D. 2023. Characterization of polymorphisms in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 genes and their association with fertility traits in Jawa-Brebes cows. Veterinary World. 16(4):711- 716. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.711-716.
Hull, K.L., Harvey S. 2014. Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2014:234014. doi: 10.1155/2014/234014.
Hurtado-Martínez, R.L., Pineda-Montes, A., Luna-Ramirez, P., Reyna-Granados, J.R., Leyva-Corona, J.C., Zamorano- Algandar, R., Nieblas- López, M.I., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2024. Polymorphism from the gene TLR4 associated with milk production traits in Holstein cows managed under heat stress. Revista Latinoamericana de Recursos Naturales 20(3):138-144.
Johnston, D.J., Herd, R.M., Reverter A., Oddy, V.H. 2001. Heritability of IGF-I in beef cattle and its association with growth and carcass traits. Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics. 14, 163–166.
Leyva-Corona, J.C., Reyna-Granados, J.R., Zamorano-Algandar, R., Sanchez-Castro, M.A., Thomas, M.G., Enns, R.M., Speidel, J.E., Medrano, J.F., Rincon, G., Luna-Nevarez, P. 2018. Polymorphisms within the prolactin and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 functional pathways associated with fertility traits in Holstein cows raised in a hot-humid climate. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 50:1913–1920. doi: /10.1007/s11250-018-1645-0.
Littell, R.C., Stroup, W.W., Freund, R.J. 2002. SAS for linear models, 4th Ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Luna-Nevárez, P., Álvarez-Tavares, I., Torres Simental, J.F., Leyva-Corona, J.C, Medrano, J.F., Thomas, M.G., Zamorano-Algandar, R., Nieblas-López, M. 2024. Polimorfismo del gen PAPPA2 asociado con la fertilidad postparto en vacas lecheras de raza Holstein manejadas bajo condiciones cálidas en el sur de Sonora México. Biotecnia. 26, e2261.
Luna-Nevárez, G., Kelly, A.C., Camacho, L.E., Limesand, S.W., Reyna-Granados, J.R and Luna-Nevarez, P. 2020. Discovery and validation of candidate SNP markers associated to heat stress response in pregnant ewes managed inside a climate- controlled chamber. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 52: 3457–3466.
Luna-Nevarez, P., Rincon, G., Medrano, J.F., Riley, D.G., Chase, C.C.Jr., Coleman, S.W., DeAtley, K.L., Islas-Trejo, A., Silver, G.A., Thomas, M.G. 2012. Identification of one polymorphism from the gene PAPP-A2 associated to fertility in Romosinuano beef heifers raised under a subtropical environment. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 3(2)185-200.
Luna-Nevarez, P., Rincon, G., Medrano, J.F., Riley, D.G., Chase, C.C.Jr., Coleman, S..W., VanLeeuwen, D., DeAtley, K.L., Islas-Trejo, A., Silver, G.A., Thomas, M.G. 2011. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the growth hormone-insulin like growth factor axis in straightbred and crossbred Angus, Brahman, and Romosinuano heifers: Population genetic analyses and association of genotypes with reproductive phenotypes. Journal of Animal Science. 89: 926-934.
Mirzaei, A., Sharifiyazdi, H., Ahmadi, M.R., Ararooti, T., Ghasrodashti, A.R., Kadivar, A. 2012. The effect of polymorphism in gene of insulin-like growth factor-I on the serum periparturient concentration in Holstein dairy cows. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2(10):765-9. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60226-3.
Nicolini, P., Carriquiry, M., Meikle, A. 2013. A polymorphism in the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene is associated with postpartum resumption of ovarian cyclicity in Holstein- Friesian cows under grazing conditions. Acta Veterinary Scandinavica. 55(1):11. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-11.
Radcliff, R.P., VandeHaar, M.J., Kobayashi, Y., Sharma, B.K., Tucker, H.A., Lucy, M.C. 2004. Effect of dietary energy and somatotropin on components of the somatotropic axis in Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 87:1229–1235. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73273-7.
Rodríguez-Borbón, A., Medrano, J. F., Thomas, M. G., Enns, R. M., Speidel, S. E., Torres-Simental, J. F., Rivera-Acuña, F., Hernández-Chávez, J. F., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2023. Polymorphisms within the IGF1 and IGF1R genes associated with superovulation-related traits in Holstein dairy cows managed in a semiarid environment. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 11(4), 2023029.
Rincon, G., Farber, E.A., Farber, C.R., Nkrumah, J.D., Medrano, J.F. 2009. Polymorphisms in the STAT6 gene and their association with carcass traits in feedlot cattle. Animal Genetics. 40(6):878-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2052.2009.01934.x.
Saxton, A.M., Balzarini, M.G., Cappio-Borlino, A., Czika, W., Fry, J.D., Gibson, G., Guerra, J.L. 2004. Genetic analysis of complex traits using SAS. SAS Institute, Inc., North Carolina.
Schiffers, C., Serbetci, I., Mense, K., Kassens, A., Grothmann, H., Sommer, M., Hoeflich, C., Hoeflich, A., Bollwein, H., Schmicke, M. 2024. Association between IGF-1 and IGFBPs in Blood and Follicular Fluid in Dairy Cows Under Field Conditions. Animals (Basel). 14(16):2370. doi: 10.3390/ani14162370.
Sebastiano, L., Consuelo, M.M., Veronica, D.S.M., Luisa, P., Giovanni, C., Michella, N., Vincenzo, C. 2019. Polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor 1 gene and its relationship with reproductive performances and milk yield in Sarda dairy sheep. Veterinary Animal Science. 15;9:100084. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100084.
Sherman, E.L., Nkrumah, J.D., Murdoch, B.M., Li, C., Wang, Z., Fu, A., Moore, S.S. 2008. Polymorphisms and haplotypes in the bovine neuropeptide Y, growth hormone receptor, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor 2, and uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 genes and their associations with measures of growth, performance, feed efficiency, and carcass merit in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 86:11-16.
Shirley, K.L., Thomas, M.G., Hallford, D.M., Silver, G.A., Beauchemin, V.R., Enns, R.M. 2005. Prediction of reproductive traits in Brangus heifers using a SNP and the translated product of the IGF-I gene. Proccedings Western American Society of Animal Science. 56.
Torres-Simental, J.F., Peña-Calderón, C., Avendaño-Reyes, L., Correa-Calderón, A., Macías-Cruz, U., Rodríguez-Borbón, A., Leyva-Corona, J.C., Rivera-Acuña, F., Thomas, M.G., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2021. Predictive markers for superovulation response and embryo production in beef cattle managed in northwest Mexico are influenced by climate. Livestock Science. 250:104590.
Velazquez, M. 2008. Assisted reproductive technologies in cattle: applications in livestock production, biomedical research and conservation biology. Annual Review of Biomedical Science. 10, 36–62.
Wang Y., Price S.E., Jiang H. 2003. Cloning and characterization of the bovine class 1 and class 2 insulin-like growth factor-I mRNAs. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 25, 315–328.
Zamorano-Algandar, R., Medrano, J.F., Thomas, M.G., Enns, R.M., Speidel, S.E., Sánchez-Castro, M.A., Luna-Nevárez, G., Leyva-Corona, J.C., Luna-Nevárez, P. 2023. Genetic markers associated with milk production and thermotolerance in Holstein dairy cows managed in a heat- stressed environment. Biology, 12, 679.