Propiedades catalíticas del humus y su potencial aplicación en la degradación de contaminantes prioritarios
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Resumen
El presente trabajo describe las funciones catalíticas de las sustancias húmicas en la (bio)transformación de contaminantes prioritarios. Durante la conversión de diversos contaminantes en los que las sustancias húmicas juegan un papel importante, están implicados tanto mecanismos biológicos como químicos. Se sabe que las quinonas, grupos funcionales muy abundantes en los ácidos húmicos, son las principales estructuras involucradas en las propiedades catalíticas del humus. Una amplia gama de microorganismos distintos pueden utilizar las sustancias húmicas como aceptor final de electrones en su cadena respiratoria, durante la biodegradación anaerobia de una gran variedad de compuestos orgánicos. Contaminantes recalcitrantes, como el tolueno y el benceno, también pueden ser mineralizados por microorganismos reductores del humus en unas cuantas semanas. Las quinonas y el humus también pueden actuar como transportadores de electrones (medidores redox) durante la transformación reductiva de contaminantes electrofílicos (nitroaromáticos, colorantes azo, solventes polihalogenados y metaloides oxidados). La transferencia de electrones a través de sustancias húmicas incrementa la velocidad de estas conversiones reductivas hasta 500 veces. Las sustancias húmicas reducidas también pueden actuar como donadores de electrones para microorganismos que reducen otros aceptores de electrones con un potencial redox más alto, como nitrato, fumarato, arseniato, seleniato y perclorato. Las propiedades catalíticas del humus tienen un gran potencial para ser aplicadas en la restauración de acuíferos contaminados y en el tratamiento de aguas residuales conteniendo diversos contaminantes prioritarios.
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Cómo citar
León-García, G. J. (1). Propiedades catalíticas del humus y su potencial aplicación en la degradación de contaminantes prioritarios. Revista Latinoamericana De Recursos Naturales, 3(2), 118-128. Recuperado a partir de https://revista.itson.edu.mx/index.php/rlrn/article/view/97
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Artículos Originales
Citas
Anderson, R. T. y D. R. Lovley., 1999. Naphthalene and benzene degradation under Fe(III)-reducing conditions in petroleum-contaminated aquifers. Bioremediation Journal, 3: 121-135.
Anderson, R. T. y D. R. Lovley., 2000. Anaerobic bioremediation of benzene under sulfate-reducing conditions in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 2261-2266.
ANIG., 1998. Anuario estadístico de la industria química mexicana. Asociación Nacional de la Industria Química. 313 pp. México, D. F.
Barkovskii, A. L. y P. Adriaens., 1998. Impact of humic constituents on microbial dechlorination of polychlorinated dioxins. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 17: 1013-1020.
Benz, M., Schink, B. y Brune, A., 1998. Humic acid reduction by Propionibacterium freudenreichii and other fermentative bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64:4507-4512.
Bradley, P. M., F. H. Chapelle y D. R. Lovley., 1998. Humic acids as electron acceptors for anaerobic microbial oxidation of vinyl chloride and dichloroethene. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64: 3102-3105.
Bruce, R. A., L. A. Achenbach, y J. D. Coates., 1999. Reduction of (per)chlorate by a novel organism isolated from paper mill waste. Environmental Microbiology, 1:319-329.
Cervantes, F. J., Dijksma, W., Duong-Dac, T., Ivanova, A., Lettinga, G. y Field, J. A., 2001a. Anaerobic mineralization of toluene by enriched sediments with quinones and humus as terminal electron acceptors. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67: 4471-4478.
Cervantes, F. J., van der Velde, S., Lettinga, G. y Field, J. A., 2000a. Competition between methanogenesis and quinone respiration for ecologically important substrates in anaerobic consortia. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 34: 161-171.
Cervantes, F. J., van der Velde, S., Lettinga, G. y Field, J. A., 2000b. Quinones as terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic microbial oxidation of phenolic compounds. Biodegradation, 11: 313-321.
Cervantes, F.J., De Bok F. A. M., Duong-Dac T., Stams, A. J. M., Lettinga G. y Field J. A., 2002. Reduction of humic substances by halorespiring, sulphate-reducing and methanogenic microorganisms. Environmental Microbiology, 4: 51-57.
Cervantes, F.J., van der Zee, F.P., Lettinga, G. y Field, J.A., 2001c. Enhanced decolourisation of acid orange 7 in a continuous UASB reactor with quinones as redox mediators. Water Science and Technology, 44: 123-128.
Cervantes, F.J., Vu-Thi-Thuy, L., Lettinga, G. y Field, J.A., 2004. Quinone-respiration improves dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by anaerobic sludge. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 64: 702-711.
Childers, S. E., Ciufo, S. y Lovley, D. R., 2002. Geobacter metallireducens accesses insoluble Fe(III) oxide by chemotaxis. Nature, 416: 767-769.
Coates, J. D., Ellis, D. J., Roden, E., Gaw, K., Blunt-Harris, E. L. y Lovley, D. R., 1998. Recovery of humics-reducing bacteria from a diversity of sedimentary environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64: 1504-1509.
Coates, J. D., K. A. Cole, R. Chakraborty, S. M. O'Connor, y L. A. Achenbach., 2002. Diversity and ubiquity of bacteria capable of utilizing humic substances as electron donors for anaerobic respiration. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68:2445-2452.
Collins, R. y Picardal, F., 1999. Enhanced anaerobic transformation of carbon tetrachloride by soil organic matter. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 18: 2703-2710.
Curtis, C. y Reinhard M., 1994. Reductive dehalogenation of hexachloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, and bromoform by anthrahydroquinone disulphonate and humic acid. Environmental Science and Technology, 28: 2393-2401.
Donlon, B., Razo-Flores, E., Luijten, M., Swarts, H., Lettinga, G. y Field, J. (1997). Detoxification and partial mineralization of the azo dye mordant orange 1 in a continuous anaerobic sludge-blanket reactor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 47: 83-90.
Dunnivant, F., Schwarzenbach R. y Macalady D., 1992. Reduction of substituted nitrobenzenes in aqueous solutions containing natural organic matter. Environmental Science and Technology, 26: 2133-2142.
Encinas-Yocupicio A.A., Razo-Flores E., Sánchez-Díaz F., dos Santos A.B., Field J.A. y Cervantes F.J., 2006. Catalytic effects of different redox mediators on the reductive decolorization of azo dyes. Water Science and Technology, 54(2): 165-170.
Field, J. A., Cervantes, F. J., van der Zee, F. P. y Lettinga, G., 2000. Role of quinones in the biodegradation of priority pollutants: a review. Water Science and Technology, 42:215-222.
Finneran, K. T. y Lovley D. R., 2001. Anaerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 1785-1790.
Fiorenza, S. y Rifai, H., 2003. Review of MTBE biodegradation and bioremediation. Bioremediation Journal, 7: 1-35.
Francis, C. A., Obraztsova, A. Y. y Tebo, B. M., 2000. Dissimilatory metal reduction by the facultative anaerobe Pantoea agglomerans SP1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66: 543-548.
Fredrickson, J. K., Kostandarithes, H. M., Li, S. W., Plymale, A. E. y Daly, M. J., 2000. Reduction of Fe(III), Cr(VI), U(VI), and Tc(VII) by Deinococcus radiodurans R1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66: 2006-2011.
Hutchins, S. R., Sewell G. W., Kovacs D. A. y Smith G. A., 1991. Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by aquifer microorganisms under denitrifying conditions. Environmental Science and Technology, 25: 68-76.
Kudlich, M., Keck, A., Klein, J. y Stolz, A., 1997. Localization of the enzyme system involved in anaerobic reduction of azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. Strain BN6 and effect of artificial redox mediators on the rate of azo dye reduction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63: 3691-3694.
Laszlo, J. A., 2000. Regeneration of azo-dye-saturated cellulosic anion exchange resin by Burkholderia cepacia. Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 167-172.
Lovley, D. R., Coates, J. D., Blunt-Harris, E. L., Phillips, E. J. P. y Woodward, J. C., 1996a. Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration. Nature, 382: 445-448.
Lovley, D. R., Fraga, J. L., Blunt-Harris, E. L., Hayes, L. A., Phillips, E. J. P., y Coates, J. D., 1998. Humic substances as a mediator for microbially catalyzed metal reduction. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 26: 152-157.
Lovley, D. R., Woodward J. C. y Chapelle F. H., 1996b. Rapid anaerobic benzene oxidation with a variety of chelated Fe(III) forms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62: 288-291.
Nevin, K.P. y Lovley, D.R., 2000. Potential for nonenzymatic reduction of Fe(III) via electron shuttling in subsurface sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 2472-2478.
Newman, D. K., y Kolter, R., 2000. A role for excreted quinones in extracellular electron transfer. Nature, 405: 94-97.
Razo-Flores, E., Lettinga, G. y Field, J.A., 1999. Biotransformation and biodegradation of selected
nitroaromatics under anaerobic conditions. Biotechnology Progress, 15: 358-365.
Schwarzenbach, R., Stierli, R., Lanz, K. y Zeyer, J., 1990. Quinone and iron porphyrin mediated reduction of nitroaromatic compounds in homogeneous aqueous solution. Environmental Science and Technology, 24: 1566-1574.
Scott, D. T., McKnight, D. M., Blunt-Harris, E. L., Kolesar, S. E. y Lovley, D. R., 1998. Quinone moieties act as electron acceptors in the reduction of humic substances by humicsreducing microorganisms. Environmental Science and Technology, 32: 2984-2989.
Slobodkin, A. I., Tourova, T. P., Kuznetsov, B. B., Kostrikina, N. A., Chernyh, N. A., y Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E. A., 1999. Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus sp. nov., a novel dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing, anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49: 1471-1478.
Stevenson, F. J., 1994. Humus chemistry: genesis, Composition, Reactions, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.
Stone, A. T. y Morgan J. J., 1984. Reduction of manganese(III) and manganese(IV) oxides by organics. 1. Reaction with hydroquinone. Environmental Science and Technology, 18: 450-456.
van der Zee, F. P., Bouwman, R. H. M., Strik, D. P. B. T. B., Lettinga, G., y Field, J. A., 2001. Application of redox mediators to accelerate the transformation of reactive azo dyes in anaerobic bioreactors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 75: 691-701.
Zachara, J.M., Fredrickson, J. K., Li, S. M., Kennedy, D. W., Smith, S. C. y Gassman, P. L., 1998. Bacterial reduction of crystalline Fe3+ oxides in single phase suspensions and subsurface materials. American Mineralogist, 83: 1426-1443.
Anderson, R. T. y D. R. Lovley., 2000. Anaerobic bioremediation of benzene under sulfate-reducing conditions in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 2261-2266.
ANIG., 1998. Anuario estadístico de la industria química mexicana. Asociación Nacional de la Industria Química. 313 pp. México, D. F.
Barkovskii, A. L. y P. Adriaens., 1998. Impact of humic constituents on microbial dechlorination of polychlorinated dioxins. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 17: 1013-1020.
Benz, M., Schink, B. y Brune, A., 1998. Humic acid reduction by Propionibacterium freudenreichii and other fermentative bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64:4507-4512.
Bradley, P. M., F. H. Chapelle y D. R. Lovley., 1998. Humic acids as electron acceptors for anaerobic microbial oxidation of vinyl chloride and dichloroethene. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64: 3102-3105.
Bruce, R. A., L. A. Achenbach, y J. D. Coates., 1999. Reduction of (per)chlorate by a novel organism isolated from paper mill waste. Environmental Microbiology, 1:319-329.
Cervantes, F. J., Dijksma, W., Duong-Dac, T., Ivanova, A., Lettinga, G. y Field, J. A., 2001a. Anaerobic mineralization of toluene by enriched sediments with quinones and humus as terminal electron acceptors. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67: 4471-4478.
Cervantes, F. J., van der Velde, S., Lettinga, G. y Field, J. A., 2000a. Competition between methanogenesis and quinone respiration for ecologically important substrates in anaerobic consortia. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 34: 161-171.
Cervantes, F. J., van der Velde, S., Lettinga, G. y Field, J. A., 2000b. Quinones as terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic microbial oxidation of phenolic compounds. Biodegradation, 11: 313-321.
Cervantes, F.J., De Bok F. A. M., Duong-Dac T., Stams, A. J. M., Lettinga G. y Field J. A., 2002. Reduction of humic substances by halorespiring, sulphate-reducing and methanogenic microorganisms. Environmental Microbiology, 4: 51-57.
Cervantes, F.J., van der Zee, F.P., Lettinga, G. y Field, J.A., 2001c. Enhanced decolourisation of acid orange 7 in a continuous UASB reactor with quinones as redox mediators. Water Science and Technology, 44: 123-128.
Cervantes, F.J., Vu-Thi-Thuy, L., Lettinga, G. y Field, J.A., 2004. Quinone-respiration improves dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by anaerobic sludge. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 64: 702-711.
Childers, S. E., Ciufo, S. y Lovley, D. R., 2002. Geobacter metallireducens accesses insoluble Fe(III) oxide by chemotaxis. Nature, 416: 767-769.
Coates, J. D., Ellis, D. J., Roden, E., Gaw, K., Blunt-Harris, E. L. y Lovley, D. R., 1998. Recovery of humics-reducing bacteria from a diversity of sedimentary environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64: 1504-1509.
Coates, J. D., K. A. Cole, R. Chakraborty, S. M. O'Connor, y L. A. Achenbach., 2002. Diversity and ubiquity of bacteria capable of utilizing humic substances as electron donors for anaerobic respiration. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68:2445-2452.
Collins, R. y Picardal, F., 1999. Enhanced anaerobic transformation of carbon tetrachloride by soil organic matter. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 18: 2703-2710.
Curtis, C. y Reinhard M., 1994. Reductive dehalogenation of hexachloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, and bromoform by anthrahydroquinone disulphonate and humic acid. Environmental Science and Technology, 28: 2393-2401.
Donlon, B., Razo-Flores, E., Luijten, M., Swarts, H., Lettinga, G. y Field, J. (1997). Detoxification and partial mineralization of the azo dye mordant orange 1 in a continuous anaerobic sludge-blanket reactor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 47: 83-90.
Dunnivant, F., Schwarzenbach R. y Macalady D., 1992. Reduction of substituted nitrobenzenes in aqueous solutions containing natural organic matter. Environmental Science and Technology, 26: 2133-2142.
Encinas-Yocupicio A.A., Razo-Flores E., Sánchez-Díaz F., dos Santos A.B., Field J.A. y Cervantes F.J., 2006. Catalytic effects of different redox mediators on the reductive decolorization of azo dyes. Water Science and Technology, 54(2): 165-170.
Field, J. A., Cervantes, F. J., van der Zee, F. P. y Lettinga, G., 2000. Role of quinones in the biodegradation of priority pollutants: a review. Water Science and Technology, 42:215-222.
Finneran, K. T. y Lovley D. R., 2001. Anaerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 1785-1790.
Fiorenza, S. y Rifai, H., 2003. Review of MTBE biodegradation and bioremediation. Bioremediation Journal, 7: 1-35.
Francis, C. A., Obraztsova, A. Y. y Tebo, B. M., 2000. Dissimilatory metal reduction by the facultative anaerobe Pantoea agglomerans SP1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66: 543-548.
Fredrickson, J. K., Kostandarithes, H. M., Li, S. W., Plymale, A. E. y Daly, M. J., 2000. Reduction of Fe(III), Cr(VI), U(VI), and Tc(VII) by Deinococcus radiodurans R1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66: 2006-2011.
Hutchins, S. R., Sewell G. W., Kovacs D. A. y Smith G. A., 1991. Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by aquifer microorganisms under denitrifying conditions. Environmental Science and Technology, 25: 68-76.
Kudlich, M., Keck, A., Klein, J. y Stolz, A., 1997. Localization of the enzyme system involved in anaerobic reduction of azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. Strain BN6 and effect of artificial redox mediators on the rate of azo dye reduction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63: 3691-3694.
Laszlo, J. A., 2000. Regeneration of azo-dye-saturated cellulosic anion exchange resin by Burkholderia cepacia. Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 167-172.
Lovley, D. R., Coates, J. D., Blunt-Harris, E. L., Phillips, E. J. P. y Woodward, J. C., 1996a. Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration. Nature, 382: 445-448.
Lovley, D. R., Fraga, J. L., Blunt-Harris, E. L., Hayes, L. A., Phillips, E. J. P., y Coates, J. D., 1998. Humic substances as a mediator for microbially catalyzed metal reduction. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 26: 152-157.
Lovley, D. R., Woodward J. C. y Chapelle F. H., 1996b. Rapid anaerobic benzene oxidation with a variety of chelated Fe(III) forms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62: 288-291.
Nevin, K.P. y Lovley, D.R., 2000. Potential for nonenzymatic reduction of Fe(III) via electron shuttling in subsurface sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 2472-2478.
Newman, D. K., y Kolter, R., 2000. A role for excreted quinones in extracellular electron transfer. Nature, 405: 94-97.
Razo-Flores, E., Lettinga, G. y Field, J.A., 1999. Biotransformation and biodegradation of selected
nitroaromatics under anaerobic conditions. Biotechnology Progress, 15: 358-365.
Schwarzenbach, R., Stierli, R., Lanz, K. y Zeyer, J., 1990. Quinone and iron porphyrin mediated reduction of nitroaromatic compounds in homogeneous aqueous solution. Environmental Science and Technology, 24: 1566-1574.
Scott, D. T., McKnight, D. M., Blunt-Harris, E. L., Kolesar, S. E. y Lovley, D. R., 1998. Quinone moieties act as electron acceptors in the reduction of humic substances by humicsreducing microorganisms. Environmental Science and Technology, 32: 2984-2989.
Slobodkin, A. I., Tourova, T. P., Kuznetsov, B. B., Kostrikina, N. A., Chernyh, N. A., y Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E. A., 1999. Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus sp. nov., a novel dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing, anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49: 1471-1478.
Stevenson, F. J., 1994. Humus chemistry: genesis, Composition, Reactions, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.
Stone, A. T. y Morgan J. J., 1984. Reduction of manganese(III) and manganese(IV) oxides by organics. 1. Reaction with hydroquinone. Environmental Science and Technology, 18: 450-456.
van der Zee, F. P., Bouwman, R. H. M., Strik, D. P. B. T. B., Lettinga, G., y Field, J. A., 2001. Application of redox mediators to accelerate the transformation of reactive azo dyes in anaerobic bioreactors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 75: 691-701.
Zachara, J.M., Fredrickson, J. K., Li, S. M., Kennedy, D. W., Smith, S. C. y Gassman, P. L., 1998. Bacterial reduction of crystalline Fe3+ oxides in single phase suspensions and subsurface materials. American Mineralogist, 83: 1426-1443.